Persian
Language
Geographical Research is Published in Persian Fulltext.
Volume 33, Issue 1 (2018)
GeoRes 2018, 33(1): 77-94 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2018/01/24 | Accepted: 2018/04/14 | Published: 2018/06/18
Received: 2018/01/24 | Accepted: 2018/04/14 | Published: 2018/06/18
How to cite this article
Rasti O. Kuwait Claimed Territorialities and Overlapping with Iranian Maritime Zones in the Persian Gulf (Review and Cartographic Analysis of the Law and Map of Kuwait Maritime Zones (2014)). GeoRes 2018; 33 (1) :77-94
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-310-en.html
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-310-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Authors
Omran Rasti *
Department of Geography, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
Abstract (4030 Views)
Coastal states, have been affected by international law of the sea to develop and approve national laws that reflect their claims to the sea. These claims, are always considered by other countries, especially the neighbors and great sea powers and if these laws and claims are inconsistent with international laws and regulations or in conflict with their rights and interests at sea, they will respond to diplomatic objections. Kuwait also approved the rules in the field of territoriality at sea in the years 1949, 1967 and 2014, the Kuwaiti maritime zones law adopted in 2014 is the most complete and recent. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach and with documentary review, examined the law of Kuwait's maritime zones. Also in the Arc GIS software, the annexed map of the law has undergone cartographic analysis. Studies and analyzes indicate that the use of straight baselines at the mouth of the Kuwait Bay does not comply with the Convention on the Law of the Sea in the following cases. 1) The use of closing lines with a total length of more than 24 nautical miles in the mouth of the Kuwait Bay, 2) No official publication of the geographical coordinates of the points of straight baseline, 3) Insert the Awhah island behind the straight baseline, In addition, the cartographic analysis of the Kuwaiti Maritime zones Legislation Map, illustrates the interference and overlap between the Kuwaiti claimed maritime zones and the maritime zones of Iran. So far, the eastern boundary of the Kuwait's exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf has exceeded the Middle line of Persian Gulf, and even the fourth point of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabian maritime boundary (agreed in 2000). This expanding territoriality and transit through the Middle Line, violate the principles and rules of international law of the sea. Meanwhile, Iran and Kuwait have not reached an agreement on the delimitation of the continental shelf. Due to the presence of oil and gas resources and fields in this area, such acts and claims affect the process of delimiting the boundaries of the continental shelf of the two countries.
References
1. Asgari, S. (2005), Delimitation Iran- Kuwait Maritime Boundary Geopolitics of National Interests, Paik-Noor, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 37-45 (in Persian)
2. Asgari, S. (2011), A look at the Unfinished Story of the Delimitation of the Maritime Borders of Iran and Kuwait, Mojtahed Zadeh, Victory, Iran's Border Police and International Borders, Translated by Hamid Reza Malek Mohammdi, SAMT Pub, pp. 438-453
3. Blacksell, M. (2010), Political Geography, Translated by Mohammad Reza Hafeznia, Ata-Allah Abdi, H. Rabiee, Tehran, Entekhab Pub.
4. Churchill, R., Lowe, A. (2005), The Law of the Sea Translated by Bahman Aghai, 3rd ed., Tehran, Ganj-e Danesh Pub. (in Persian)
5. Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of IRAN, (n.d.-a)? The Law on the Amendment of the Law on the Determination of Coastal Waters and the contiguous zone of Iran adopted in Tir 1313, adopted on Farvardin 22nd 1338. Retrieved from: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94925.Last Seen: January 16, 2018,
6. Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of IRAN, (n.d.-b), The Law on the Determination of Coastal Waters and the Contiguous zone of Iran Adopted in Tir 1313. Retrieved from: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/92840. Last Seen: January 16, 2018,
7. Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of IRAN, (n.d.-c), Law on exploration and exploitation of natural resources (continental shelf) of Iran, Adopted in Khordad 28nd 1334. Retrieved January 16, 2018, from: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94404.
8. Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, (n.d.-d), The Islamic Republic of Iran's Maritime Zones Laws in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, Retrieved from: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/92205. Last Seen: January, 16, 2018.
9. Jafari Voldani, A. (2015), Delimitation Irans Maritime Boundaries in the Persian Gulf with Emphasis on Joint Oil and Gas Fields, Journal of World Politics, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 37-66. (in Persian)
10. Lacoste, Y. (1988), Questionse de Geopolitique L'Islam, Lamer, l'Afrique Translated by Abas Agahi, Tehran, Farhang-e- Eslami Pub. (in Persian).
11. Mirhaydar, D. Asgari, S. (2004), Geopolitics of Irans Maritime Zone with Emphasis on Delimitation Continental Shelf Boundaries, Geographical Researches, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 161-176. (in Persian).
12. Mirhaydar, D., Gholami, B. Mirahmadi, F. (2014), Political Geography and International Law of the Sea, Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 360-337 (in Persian).
13. Mirhaydar, D., Rasti, O., Soltani, N., Amiri, A. Eltimi Nia, R. (2007), The trend of territoriality in Persian Gulf.Journal of Geopolitics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp .1-21(in Persian)
14. Mirhaydar, D., Rasti, O., Mirahmadi, F. (2013), The Basic Themes in Political Geography, Tehran, SAMT Pub. (in Persian)
15. Mojtahed Zadeh, P. (2010), Boundary Politics and international Boundaries of Iran Translated by Hamid Reza Malek Mohammadi Nouri, Trans, Tehran SAMT Pub (in Persian)
16. Momtaz, J., Ranjbarian, A. (1996), Double Interpretation of Convention on the Law of the Sea the Law of Sea Zones of Iran and the Objection of the United States, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 85-113. (in Persian)
17. Nami, M.H. (2007), Nautical Border Issues of Iran and Kuwait, Tehran, National Geographical Organization Pub. (in Persian)
18. Ranjbarian, A., Seirafi, S. (2013), Investigating the Straight Baseline of Iran on the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman and Other Countries Protest, the Journal of International Law, Vol. 48, pp. 35-64.
19. Momtaz, D. (2015), La Délimitation du Plateau Continental du Golfe Persique Une Entreprise Inachevée, In law of the Sea, from: Grotius to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, pp. 685–697.
20. UN. (2001), Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations, Treaty Series, 1750.
21. UN. (2002), Agreement Between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Kuwait Concerning the Submerged Area Adjacent to the Divided Zone 2 July 2000, DOALOS/OLA. Retrieved from: www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/SAU-KWT2000SA.PDF.
22. UN (2014), Kuwait Decree No (317) year 2014 Concerning the Delimitation of the Marine Areas Pertaining to the State of Kuwait and its amendment (2014), Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DEPOSIT/Kuwait_Decree_317-2014-E.pdf
23. UN (2016), Deposit by the State of Kuwait of a List of Geographical Coordinates of Points, pursuant to article 16. paragraph 2. of Convention, M.Z.N.123. (2016), Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn123.pdf
24. UN (2017). Law of the Sea, Bulletin No. 94. phys. org. New York, Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_publications/LOSBulletins/ bulletinpdf/LOS_94_WEB.pdf
25. UN/ General Assembly/ Sixty-seventh session Agenda item 75 (a) Oceans and the law of the sea (27 November 2012), A/67/593 Letter dated 21 November 2012 from the Permanent Representatives of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, 12- 61243(E). Retrieved from: undocs.org/A/67/593.
26. UN/ General Assembly/ Sixty-seventh session Agenda item 75 (a) Oceans and the law of the sea (27 February 2013), A/67/761 Letter dated 20 February 2013 from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, 13- 24425(E). Retrieved from: Undocs. org/A/67/761.
27. UN/ General Assembly/ Sixty-seventh Session Agenda item 75 (a) Oceans and the law of the sea (15 January 2013), A/67/691 Letter Dated 8 January 2013 from the Permanent Representatives of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, 13- 20721(E), Retrieved from: undocs.org/A/67/691.
28. UN / General Assembly/seventy-first session/ item 74 (a) agenda/ Oceans and the law of the sea (9 September2016), Letter dated 8 September 2016 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, 16-15624(E), Retrieved from: undocs.org/A/71/375.
29. UN , KSA-Kuwait , 0062(2011a), Sau_kwt_note_jan2011.pdf (2011), Retrieved from: www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/ communications/sau_kwt_note_jan2011.pdf.
30. UN/KSA-Kuwait/1002(2011b), Sau_kwt_note_2011/12/15.pdf (2011), Retrieved from: www.un.org//depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/ communications/sau_kwt_note_dec2011.pdf
31. UN /KSA-Kuwait (2015), Sau_kwt_note_15-16497 (E). pdf (2015), Retrieved from: www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/ communications/sau_kwt_note_sep2015.pdf.
32. UN. National Legislation - DOALOS/OLA (n.d.a), Decree Regarding the Delimitation of the Breadth of the Territorial Sea of the State of Kuwait, of 17 December 1967, Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/KWT_1967_Decree.pdf
33. UN. National legislation - DOALOS/OLA (n.d.b), PROCLAMATION BY THE RULER OF KUWAIT OF 12 JUNE 1949. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/ depts/los/ LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/KWT_1949_Decree.pdf
34. UN. National legislation - DOALOS/OLA (n.d.c), Decree-Law , 21 July 1973. Retrieved from: www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/
PDFFILES/IRN_1973_Decree.pdf.
35. UN, Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations (2016), Reference to the Communication Dated 23 September 2015, Jointiy Submitted by the Permanent Missions of the State of Kuwait and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations, No. 186, Retrieved from: www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/communications/irn_re_sau_kwt_Apr_2016e.pdf.
36. UN, Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations (2012), Iran (Islamic Republic of), Retrieved from:www.un.org/ depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/ communications/irn_note_25012012_re_sau_kwt.pdf. - Note Verbale dated 25 January 2012
37. UN. Security Council (1993), Final Report on the Demarcation of the International Boundary between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait.
38. VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase (2012), Marine Regions. Retrieved from: http://www.marineregions.org/eezmethodology.php, Last Seen: January 16, 2018.
Send email to the article author