About Geographical Research
Owner & Director-in-Charge: Professor Mohammad Hossein Papoli Yazdi
Scientific Supporter: Amir Kabir Research Institute
Publishers: Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Financial Supporter: Amayesh & Tosee Shargh Co.
Publishing Period: 4 Issues per Year
Costs: APC Statement (Persian)
Language: Persian Full-text / English Abstract (250 Words) / English Expanded Abstract (1500 Words)
Social Media: LinkedIn; Research Gate; Telegram
Strategies for Mitigating Vulnerability of Critical Urban Arteries to Flooding within Bojnurd City
Methodology: A research of applied nature was carried out in 2022 within Bojnurd city. The Random Forest algorithm was employed to propose strategies for reducing the susceptibility of city arteries to floods. Through the research, 100 locations prone to flooding and 100 maps free from flooding were identified. Fourteen factors influencing flooding were considered, such as elevation, slope, direction, precipitation, geology, river density, population density, residential density, distance from floodplains, land use, vegetation cover index, topographic land slope index, and moisture index. The significance of each factor was determined by calculating the information gain ratio.
Funding: The variables of elevation, precipitation, and land utilization exerted a notable influence on the occurrence of flooding within the urban area of Bojnurd. Moreover, an analysis encompassing an area of 676 hectares pinpointed the regions characterized by the most elevated susceptibility to floods, while 852 hectares were recognized as exhibiting the least vulnerability. It was observed that a considerable portion of the residential zones face a heightened likelihood of being affected by flood events.
Conclusion: The interconnected nature of street networks, meticulous consideration of street surfacing materials, strategic positioning of buildings, smaller block dimensions, and the implementation of a grid layout featuring regular intersections play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of flooding.
An Investigation into Desirable Urban Spaces and Its Role on Realization of the Theory of the Right to the City in Ahvaz Metropolis
Methodology: The research methodology employed in this study is both applied and descriptive-analytical, with a survey-based nature. The statistical population consisted of individuals over the age of 15 residing in Ahvaz city, with a sample size of 375 people determined using Cochran's formula. To analyze the impact of urban space desirability on the realization of the right to the city, Smart PLS software was utilized.
Findings: The results of the structural equations model reveal the importance of the impact of the variables on one another. The t values derived from the research components exhibit a significantly large value exceeding 1.96, which signifies significance at the 0.01 level. The path coefficients of the components surpass 70%, indicating a strong correlation between the components.
Conclusion: There is a positive and significant relationship between the urban space desirability indices and the degree of realization of the right to the city in Ahvaz city. Among the urban space desirability indices, the index of comfort and tranquility has the highest coefficient of influence among other indicators and among the indices of the right to the city, the index of physical share and the index of control and ownership had the highest coefficients of influence.
An Integrated Management Model of Spatial Data Infrastructure with a Smart City Approach in District 20 of Tehran
Methodology: This investigation, carried out between 2023 and 2024, was divided into qualitative and quantitative phases, with a particular focus on District 20 in Tehran. The study's sample size comprised 16 experts, and data collection methods encompassed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. During the qualitative phase, the components essential for managing spatial data infrastructure in the context of a smart city were identified through an extensive review of existing literature. Subsequently, following adjustments based on expert feedback, a total of 12 components were validated. In the quantitative phase, structural equation modeling was employed to delineate the network of relationships and interactions, culminating in the presentation of the final model.
Findings: The formulation of policies for spatial data infrastructure was recognized as the most influential component at the highest echelon. Factors such as the utilization extent of spatial data, the quantity of electronic service centers, data update frequencies, cooperation and synchronization among the authorities of Rey Governorate, Rey Municipality, and Tehran Municipality in the realms of spatial data production, standardization, and distribution, along with the element of collaboration and synchronization with other entities categorized as data users, were positioned as influential components at the lowest tier.
Conclusion: The policies and criteria established within the domain of spatial data infrastructure possess the most significant influence on other elements.
Monitoring of the Rafsanjan City Subsidence and Its Possible Causes
Methodology: This was a practical research study conducted in Rafsanjan, utilizing a specific approach. The research employed the technique of coherence pixels as its methodology. The utilized data from Sentinel 1 radar pictures pertain to the time period spanning from 2014 to 2022.
Findings: Rafsanjan city has seen a progressive sinking phenomenon, with the rate of subsidence intensifying between 2014 and 2022. The annual subsidence rate has escalated from 11 cm to 13 cm throughout this period. Furthermore, the scope of the affected regions has expanded, resulting in the progression of the development process from the outskirts of the city to the center districts. The subsidence pattern of the city is influenced by the combination of fault maps, changes in subterranean water levels during a 10-year period, and the subsidence map.
Conclusion: The city is experiencing a gradual sinking of the ground, which is spreading towards the inner areas and the center of the city. The uncontrolled extraction of subsurface water sources is a significant factor contributing to the sinking of the city of Rafsanjan. The subsidence of the city is mostly influenced by the Nogh fault.
Evaluation, Prediction and Regional Analysis of Floods Using Data Mining Models (Frizi Watershed)
Methodology: This was an applied, analytical and developmental study carried out in 2023 in Firizi watershed. 14 environmental parameters were used for flood risk zoning. Then, 150 flood points in the basin were extracted using satellite images and randomly divided into 70% for model training and 30% for validation. Then, the layers were weighted, and the flood potential maps were classified into 5 categories: Very high, high, medium, low, and very low, using the natural fracture method. Then, the accuracy of the models used in the research was investigated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic method.
Findings: The research assessed the accuracy of the models by employing the Receiver Operating Characteristic approach. The collected findings indicate that the Artificial Neural Network model outperformed the Support Vector Machine model, with an Area Under the Curve value of 0.923 compared to 0.898.
Conclusion: The flooding in the basin primarily affected areas with gentle slopes, rocks that are resistant to water flow and not easily penetrated, lower altitudes, and lands located next to rivers (known as floodplains). The basin contains areas that are classified as high and extremely high-risk, primarily in its central and outflow regions.
Urban Livability Indicators in the Historical Context of Kermanshah
Methodology: This is an applied study that was conducted in 2023-2024 in Kermanshah City. After preparing a list of factors, a questionnaire with 38 questions was prepared and evaluated by the expert community. After content validity assessment and the removal of duplicate questions based on expert opinions, the questionnaire items were reduced to 32. The research population in the next stage included all residents of the historical fabric of Kermanshah City (n=378). Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Findings: The social, cultural, economic, and managerial aspects of urban livability in the historical fabric of Kermanshah City were in unfavorable condition, while the environmental condition was desirable, and the physical condition was in an average conditions. The AHP technique provided the highest weight to the economic index and the lowest weight to the managerial index.
Conclusion: Among the indices of urban livability, the economic index had the highest level of importance and priority.
Analysis of the Geopolitical Factors Contributing to the Emergence of Religious Fundamentalist Groups and Their Impact on Regional Security in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Conclusion: The historical and identity backgrounds in state-building and incomplete modernization in influential geographical areas play a significant role in shaping the formation of religious fundamentalist groups. These findings are based on explanatory and analytical methods that investigate the cause-and-effect relationship between two independent and dependent variables in geopolitics. The geopolitical rivalry among regional entities and global powers is also a significant determinant. These groups have presented problems to the regional security of Iran by establishing their radical ideology in specific territories, affecting Iran's geopolitical, geostrategic, and geocultural spheres.
Assessing the Natural Hazards of Ilam City with the Approach of Economical and Social Resilience
Methodology: This research was conducted in 2023 in Ilam city. This study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the research background was studied to determine the components affecting the resilience of the Ilam city from economic and social perspective, and a 28-item questionnaire was designed using a 5-point Likert scale. Expert judgment was used to assess the questionnaire. The single-sample t-test method was used trough SPSS 24 software to evaluate the findings of the first phase. 30 urban planners were purposively selected. In the next phase, to assess citizens' opinions, four areas of the Ilam city were identified as the four main clusters, and in the next step, the main streets and squares of each area were considered as blocks for the clusters. Sixty individuals were randomly selected. Urban areas of Ilam were ranked based on the level of resilience using the multi-criteria decision-making model (Vikor).
Results: The area 4 is the most socially resilient area in the city of Ilam, and 75% of the areas being relatively socially resilient. Among these areas, only Area 2 has relatively low social resilience. The score of the sub-component of the ability to compensate for damage had a higher weight compared to other components. Area 3 was the most economically resilient area, and only Area 1, due to the density of residents composed of rural migrants with insufficient income, lacked resilience economically.
Conclusion: The city of Ilam had a better economic resilience against environmental hazards than social resilience.
Eco-agritourism and protection of urban agricultural heritage, with an emphasis on the Persian garden cities
Methodology This qualitative research has been followed with a descriptive analytical method using the tools of library study and field observation. The central question of the research is formed around the possibility of protecting the urban agricultural heritage through eco-agritourism.
Findings Extracting the concept of urban eco-agritourism from the opinions of experts brought the research closer to the answer to its main question; But the internal paradoxes between the definitions and components of ecotourism and agritourism with the concept of city and urban mass tourism was also an issue that had to be answered.
Conclusion In This article, based on experimental examples and existing theoretical foundations, answers were provided to negate these apparent conflicts. In this way, at the end of the article, urban eco-agritourism was explained as a solution to protect the urban agricultural heritages.
Conceptual framework of development plans of metropolitan areas of the world
Methodology The research methodology was interpretive, and the method used was qualitative. This applied research was conducted in 2022. The statistical population was the documents of the plans of peri-urban areas of metropolises on the level of regional and local policy-making in developed and developing countries. The data collection method was documentary.
Due to limited access to documents of plans, 39 documents were selected among the leading and successful countries in the field of spatial planning in peri-urban areas of metropolises.This selection was made using in a purposeful way involving searches on the websites of authorities and official custodians of each metropolis's projects and databases with free availability, along with utilizing Google and Google Scholar sites .The analysis method was qualitative content analysis.
Finding The principles obtained from the analysis of the plans indicated the existence of common and different conceptual orientations. Common directions included rational ecological development, creation of development infrastructures, strengthening peri-urban economic foundations and social mobilization. In developed countries, were emphasized the principles of spatial zoning, historical-cultural protection, multi-level governance and participation. Developing countries have emphasized the Pivotal discourse, adaptive governance and problem-oriented.
ConclusionThe planning principles of peri-urban areas can be separated from the perspective of planning paradigms, strategies, operational tools and planning processes. Adaptive governance and multi-level governance are as paradigms of planning and strengthening peri-urban economic foundations, rational ecological development and protection of historical-cultural heritage are as planning strategies. spatial zoning and creation of development infrastructures are operational methods and tools of planning. Participatory, Pivotal discourse and social mobilization are planning processes.
The Role of Cultural Factors in the Development of Medical Tourism in Primary Health Tourism Centers in Iran
Methodology: The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing quantitative data gathered through a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the research comprises medical tourists from the five primary provinces renowned for offering extensive health tourism services: Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Tabriz, and Ahvaz. A sample of 384 individuals was selected using a combination of cluster sampling and quota sampling technique. SPSS22 software and Lisrel structural equation modeling software were used for data analysis.
Findings: The findings underscore a significant correlation between the development of medical tourism and various influential social factors, notably spiritual culture and material culture. Utilizing the structural equations model, spiritual culture exhibited a coefficient of 0.92 and material culture of 0.73. Overall, the combined impact of these social factors was calculated at 0.61.
Conclusion: Cultural factors, particularly spiritual and material culture, emerge as pivotal determinants in shaping the landscape of medical tourism in Iran's primary health tourism centers. Understanding and strategically addressing these factors can foster the nation's competitiveness and prominence within the global medical tourism arena, thereby propelling its economic growth and healthcare sector advancement.
Cultural-Historical Capabilities of Tourism and their Impact on Tourism Development in Gilan Province
Methodology: This study, conducted in 2023 in Gilan province and employed a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach. The qualitative part was executed using the grounded theory and the suggested steps of Glaser and Strauss. The statistical population included all senior managers of the Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts Organization of Gilan province, as well as experts in the fields of business and tourism management. Additionally, senior managers of municipal, provincial, and governorate organizations were included, with 10 individuals selected for interviews using the snowball sampling method. In the quantitative section, a survey method was employed through the use of questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling.
Findings: The results of structural equation modeling indicated that factors related to historical and cultural tourism marketing had a significant and positive impact on destination competitiveness. Destination competitiveness, in turn, had a positive and meaningful effect on destination development. The environmental conditions of the country also had a positive and meaningful impact on destination development. Tourist industry infrastructure had a positive and meaningful effect on destination development. Finally, destination development had a positive and meaningful impact on integrated marketing communications in tourism.
Conclusion: The effective factors on cultural-historical tourism in the city of Gilan include destination competitiveness, historical and cultural tourism marketing, destination development, tourist industry infrastructure, environmental conditions, and integrated marketing communications in tourism.
Measuring and evaluating the status of biophilic city indicators(Case study: Mellat and Kouhsangi parks in Mashhad)
Methodology: The research method is analytical-geodesic and its nature is practical. The method of data collection was documental and geodesic and questionnary. The statistical population of the research were experts and specialists. In order to complete the questionnaire، a non-probability and purposeful sampling method was used، the number of which is 50 people who، in addition to their specialized field، have sufficient knowledge of the city under study. Data analysis was done with SPSS software.
Findings: The results of evaluating the state of Mashhad city (Kouhsangi and Mellat parks) in terms of biophilic city indicators indicated that the state of Mashhad city is in an unfavorable state in terms of biophilic city indicators. The highest average obtained for the index of social life in relation to Koh Sangi Park was 3.49. Also، the lowest average in the index of institutions and biophilic governance was obtained in connection with Mellat Park at the rate of 2.06
Conclusion: The results of evaluating the state of Mashhad city (Kuhsangi and Mellat parks) in terms of biophilic city indicators indicated that the state of Mashhad city is in an unfavorable state in terms of biophilic city indicators.
Spatial analysis of important cities in ancient Iran by content analysis Method
Methodology: In the present study, due to the lack of valid first-hand historical sources, the content analysis method has been used by present sources. In this research the importance of cities is scored based on the number of repetitions in the historic sources.
Findings: According to historical sources related to urbanization, the names and geographical locations of 143 cities of ancient Iran have been collected. Then the above cities are classified according to spatial location. Analysis of the above data in statistical models shows a significant difference between the scores of cities in different locations. According to the statistical analysis of the central tendency, cities located in the western regions and western borders of the country have the highest score and importance.
Conclusion: The chronicles of the western cities show the economic and cultural relations of the above cities with Byzantine merchants in importing goods on the one hand and exporting mineral resources and metals and some different goods on the other hand for trade with Iran. of the western border regions have testified to the economic and cultural relations of the above cities with Byzantine merchants in importing goods on the one hand and exporting mineral resources and metals and some different goods on the other hand for trade with Iran. Also, due to water shortage and agricultural constraints, Iran has long been a mediator for trade caravans between the West and East.
Scientific assessment and systematic review of global theoretical texts on the concept of placemaking based on the continuity of the value of natural areas
Target: The reason for the lack of scientific researches in the field of positioning of natural areas and of course the necessity of combining these two areas to improve the level of positioning of natural areas is the need for a scientific method that can reanalyze and then compare and criticize and then evaluated the best results from the combination of fields in the studies. The purpose of this research is to answer the question "what are the characteristics of the accumulated knowledge in the field of placemaking in terms of form, methodology and content?".
Methodology: In this research, the meta-analysis method is one of the tools needed to combine the tools needed to inform scientific decisions and policy-making, and on the other hand, it is a research study that systematically combines or integrates single-case results. Studies are done. It is used independently, using statistical methods to calculate a scientific work.
Findings: The articles reviewed in this research were identified from the scientific database of Semantic Scholar in the period from 2018 to 2022. After reviewing and considering the quality of the output from the content point of view, 31 articles have been reviewed and evaluated. It should be noted that there have been more articles in the field of physical and human, which can be concluded, a suitable place for using natural machines is very necessary.
Conclusion According to past studies, it was found that strong meaningful relationships between subject classification, theoretical approach; The main scale and focus of the research is established. Place-making in nature has focused mostly on the human-centered field, natural areas, sustainability and social health.
Analysis of mutual effects of urban planning system and municipal revenue in Iran
Objectives: Any urban development is dependent on providing development costs and at the same time a place to earn new income for municipalities. Therefore, there is a two-way relationship between the urban development planning system and the revenue system of municipalities. But the existing problem is ambiguity in the place and type of impact of urban planning in relation to municipal income. Most studies have been conducted with the aim of explaining sustainable income criteria, sources and methods. The purpose of this article is to explain the active or passive role of urban planning in providing sustainable urban incomes.
Methodology: The research method is qualitative and the method of qualitative content analysis is used. Using a semi-structured interview with experts in the academic and executive field of urban planning who were selected as a snowball, their opinions were obtained regarding the role of urban planning in sustainable income. Then, the obtained texts were analyzed using open and axial coding.
Findings: In the process of data analysis, two methods of open coding and axial coding were used, which were suggested by Strauss and Corbin. which includes crushing data from interviews and notes, creating concepts, categories and putting categories together in a way that clearly justifies the relationship between categories.
Conclusion: The results of this article show that urban planning is effective in obtaining sustainable urban income in two areas of process and executive products. Of course, this is not a direct effect, but by boosting the urban economy, it provides a stable income.
Proposal of Financing the Revenue System of Municipalities and Proposing a Framework (Case Study: Tehran Municipality)
Urban sustainable financing is one of the main challenges faced by politicians and urban planners. Municipalities are concerned with decreased revenues and controlling their costs on one hand and due to the income limitation, the inability to finance many urban projects on the other hand. Developing countries, including Iran, which have inefficient economies, poor tax systems and lack of mechanisms for citizen participation in the provision of urban costs, municipal revenue system, is drawn mainly to the unstable and unhealthy resources. This problem showed itself mainly in Iran after implementation of the 1980 municipal self-sufficiency policy and especially took place in Tehran more seriously than other cities. The two major challenges of Tehran Municipality Revenue System consist of: Unstable and unhealthy municipal revenue system and failure of Tehran’s Municipality to achieve the financial and monetary markets to cover the costs of the construction of urban infrastructure and urban projects. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the structure. For this reason, this paper has proposed two models to solve these two challenges. Model No. 1 will bring stabilization of municipality’s income and revenue system in long term in form of two patterns as "Controlling, reducing and phasing out unsustainable and unhealthy sources of income" and "managing, improving and increasing the role of sustainable revenue sources". Model No. 2 also focuses on providing new ways in order for Tehran Municipality to gain access to the financial and monetary markets. Data was collected for the period of 2008 to 2014 including codes of Tehran Municipality revenues and the amount of revenue generated by each code. We also conducted structured and semi-structured interviews with 30 specializing experts in the research topic. The results showed that during the study period, 58% of Tehran Municipality’s earned income has been achieved from unstable and unhealthy sources and 20% from relatively stable resources. Only 22% of revenue is obtained from healthy and sustainable resources. So, Tehran Municipal Income System is quite unstable and unhealthy in the present situation. The most important approaches presented in model 1 are: Replacing the Renovation Duties, Value Added Tax, Unused Land and wasteland complications with income derived from fines and other unhealthy sources, using green taxes, very high increase in the building density fine rate, reducing the number of permits granted for density, the use of new rigs charges, create clearances database for building crime offenders, getting out the user fees for municipal services, getting the infrastructure networks ramifications fee, improving relations between governments and municipalities, enabling sub-codes which have low income or zero income, using a combination of taxes, considering the municipal tourism revenues and reforming the structure of municipality’s identifying and collecting taxes. Of the most important approaches presented in model 2, may also include the creation of the Metropolitan Development Fund, taking advantage of the potential of domestic banks, using foreign borrowing, direct-entry of Tehran Municipality to the OTC, and using the potential of financing companies.
The Impact Of Open Spaces Designing To Create place Attachment In Residential Complexes (Case study: sheshsad dastgah residential complexes in mashhad city)
The correlation between humans and place or "Place Attachment" is the basis of satisfying many of the human needs and also giving meaning to human life. Especially attachment to places that are significant for people, the most notable of which is the residence place. The open spaces between residential buildings are the places that link inhabitants with nature and the place of enjoyment in the instant outdoor space of the house. Therefore, there is a need to review and pay particular attention to the design of open spaces in residential complexes. This paper is trying to identify effective factors in organizing open spaces of residential complexes in order to increase sense of place attachment. This is an applied research and in terms of method, it is descriptive/analytical. Data collection has been done through library study, document study, field study and distribution of questionnaires. The statistical population of this study consists of 100 residents of Sheshsad Dastgah residential complex in Mashhad. In order to analyze the descriptive and inferential statistics of the present study, SPSS software and linear regression have been used. The results of the tests indicate the significance of all factors of the independent variable (open spaces in residential complexes) on the dependent variable (sense of attachment). In each of the indices of open space, the components that create attachment, have the highest impact on index of green spaces, and after that children’s playground, pavements, street furniture, roads and finally sitting spaces. The frameworks designed in this research are practical and can provide frameworks for awareness of the designers toward the impact of open spaces of residential complexes on place attachment of the residents.
on precipitation climatology of Afghanistan
An Investigation on Finding Appropriate Places for Building Public Parking to Decrease City Traffic (Case Study: Central Area of Isfahan)
Though city life and machining living of human beings has some advantage and facilities, yet it has caused a lot of problems as city heavy traffic, along with unanticipated growth of population and unusual development of cities, on the one side and the increasing number of motor vehicles on the other to reduce the heavy traffic in central city areas,building public parking in appropriate place seems very effective,it helps traffic to run smoothly and using better the streets and passages and this seems the only way to solve the city traffic.In this article after surveying and studying the not passages and streets and the existing public parking in the city centre area and also studying the capacity of the existing parking,regarding the value of demands for parking by applying AHP model and by using polygon drawing by Tiesen and Buffering Method, I have defined appropriate place to build parking, consequently, this research shows that parking situated in the city centre of Isfahan do not have any balancer distribution and should be paid attention to building new public parking.
Analyzing the Role of Environmental Quality in Tourist Attraction to Rural Touristic Destinations (Case Study: Touristic Rural of Small lavasan Rural District)
In the comparative market of tourist, attempt for tourist from different destinations is a strategically goal. One method of attracting tourist to destination is attention to preferment of destinations quality. Because tourists are search the destinations whit height quality for rest and pleasure. Therefore in this study, the samples had been selected from 16 rural of small Lavasan rural district from Shemiranat County That has been counted as a Tehran tourism destination. This study is based on practical- explorative methodology from aspect of data gathering and identifying the effective dimensions of rural environmental quality in attraction and tourism development. From aspect of community characters description, this study is descriptive and is analytical from aspect of correlation between destination rural quality of environment with tourism development and attraction. In this study, for data gathering had been used of Library resources and field techniques and methods of observation and questionnaire based on indicators derived from the theoretical framework. For sampling had been used of Cochran formula with 0.05 coefficient error rate that estimated sample community were 384 people. Gained result of data analysis show that tourist had satisfaction from rural quality of environment in all of 4 dimension of environmental quality of tourism (with 0.05 rate of meaningful) and after the semantic quality in first place (with an average of 4.18), Experimental – aesthetic Quality (with 3.49 average) lay on second place. Also, Pierson correlation shows that there are meaningful relations among all dimensions of environmental quality of destination and tourist attractions. Result of regression too; show that most effective dimension is related to Semantic quality with 0.645 and most ineffective dimension is related to ecological quality with 0.241, on tourist attraction to rural tourist destinations. Based on the result of study, it could be said that destinations environmental quality in different aspect is effective on tourist attraction and its improving could be useful for rural in comparative market of tourist attracting and tourist choosing.
Zoning of Earthquakes Occurred in Fars Province during 1900 to 2010 and Comparison it by Former Researches Findings
Impacts of Boundaries Geometry on the Security of Western Boundaries of Iran
An Analyzing of the Physical- Spatial Growth Pattern of Tehran Metropolis
The growth pattern of a city is the most critical matters of the recent century. So, recognition of the spatial growth pattern of main cities of regions and countries such as Tehran metropolis is necessary for drawing up suitable policies and achieving sustainable development. In this regard, in the framework of sustainable development and urban smart growth theories, three hypotheses offered about the quality of spatial growth pattern of the Tehran metropolis and then were evaluated in the framework of the analytical-descriptive research method. In this framework, for testing the first hypothesis, the Holdren model was used. For testing the second hypothesis, Gini and Entropy's indexes were used, and for testing the third hypothesis, Moran, Geary and General G indexes were used. The necessary data was collect by librarian method. The results of testing the first hypothesis showed that despite compact and regular growth of the Tehran metropolis during 1335-1355, this city have had a sprawl growth of 75 percent during 1355-1365. But since then this procedure has changed to compact city. In the case of the second hypothesis, the results despite un-confirming this hypothesis, showed that though there are imbalance in population and employment distribution, there are not tend to its increasing. Moreover the results in confirming third hypothesis showed that the Tehran metropolis have had a random development pattern tending to Clustered pattern by forming a hot-spot in its south- south eastern part and a cold spot in its north- north western part.
Study of Spatial Justice in the Distribution of Services, with an Emphasis on Urban Management (Case study: the neighborhoods of nineteen district of Tehran)
The beginnings of social justice rooted in spatial and environmental justice. Since the civil service is considered as a public good, the estimation and the correct positioning is in the area of urban management, so it cannot deprived some parts of the society. Spatial justice as the fair distribution of urban services and facilities is one of the justice society approaches to achieve a harmonious society and social justice. Lack of proper distribution services make injustice and dissatisfaction among citizens of their location and city managers. The research method is descriptive-analytic. In order to analyze the distribution of municipal services in 19 District of Tehran, Vikor model was used. The results show that the services are not distributed in 19 district of Tehran, so that in terms of spatial equity of presented indicators, North Shariati neighborhood with a score of 0.042 has the highest level of the facilities and services and Shahid Kazemi neighborhood with a score of 1, has the lowest enjoyment of facilities and services of 19 district
Assessment and Analysis of Sustainability Status in Metropolises, Case Study: All Ten Regions of Tabriz
Urban development based on the principles of sustainable development has been one of the main concepts of urbanization in the last decade. The term sustainable urban development means providing the necessary grounds for the balanced and efficient utilization of urban resources so that all citizens can benefit from urban economic, social and environmental infrastructure in accordance with their needs. The aim of this research is to investigate the sustainability status in Tabriz metropolis. This is a descriptive-analytic research. The statistical population of this research is the inhabitants of all ten regions of Tabriz, and 500 individuals over 15 years old are selected as sample size using simple random sampling by the classified method. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by experts and the reliability of the different parts of the questionnaire obtained the score of 0.876 to 0.881 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Fuzzy TOPSIS Method is used to evaluate the variables in order to assess the sustainability, the model of barometer sustainability is used. Also to infer and testability of data the statistical tests such as Anova test, T test and Tukey and Scheffe tests are used. Drawing of maps related to the stability of Tabriz urban areas has been done using GIS software. According to the results, region 8 is the most sustainable region and region 3 is the most unstable region. Also, all 10 regions of Tabriz with sustainability value of 0.591 are in medium sustainability status. The status of the regions in terms of human welfare and ecosystem well-being was also equal to 0.548 and 0.515 respectively. The results of T and Anova tests also showed that according to the sustainability barometric results, physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions are of the most importance respectively. Tukey and Scheffe tests also demonstrated the stability gap between different dimensions of sustainability. Finally, according to the findings of the research and taking into account the situation of the tens of ten regions of Tabriz, practical suggestions are presented in accordance with different dimensions of sustainable urban development.
Strategic Planning of Medical Tourism with an Emphasis on Religious Tourism in Mashhad City
Medical tourism is a branch of health tourism that has grown considerably in many parts of the world now days. Mashhad city with regard to the Holy Shrine, More than 300 thousand foreign tourists per year, more than 31 public and private hospitals and specialties of cardiology, ophthalmology, pediatrics and. ..,which is one of the centers of attracting tourists and religious - health tourism in Iran. cost of medical services in these hospitals are 75% less than those of European and American hospitals in terms of the quality of similar services they offer and this could be a big advantage for developing such activities in the region. The research methodology has been a descriptive-analytical one which employs a SWOT analysis model in exploring the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats which are considered as internal and external factors critical for treatment tourism in this city. This paper Prepared by using the library documents and the field study and interviews with experts, has been considered as descriptive - analytical. The results show that infrastructure and expertise in Mashhad by the Holy Shrine are the main strengths of this research. And the other hand non-governmental organizations, investment and support and develop the bilateral relations between the Middle East countries are the main opportunities in this research. In conclusion the strengths and opportunities for developing such activities outweigh the weaknesses and threats.
Presentation of a Strategic Model for Achieving Urban Sustainable Development in Mashhad Metropolis
Geography and Place Identity in the Age of Globalization
A Study of Effect of Geographical Factors on Societal Security (Case Study: Kerman Province)
Geographical spaces and political units affected from its location and natural environment and with the surrounding environment have interaction. It seems that security, especially societal security as the most fundamental concept of as social life affected by the location and generally geographical factors. This study sought to examine the impact of geographical factors on societal security in Kerman province. Therefore, this study performed by systematic approach and integrated regional approach to issues of security and descriptive method. Data needed for research collected by library method and from United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Statistics Center of Iran and Kerman Province’s Applied Research Office of police commander. In regional scale referred to drug trafficking and terrorism and in local scale (province) indicated to indicators of social insecurity such as armed robbery, robbery rape, kidnapping and murder, and the amount of drugs seized. The results show that societal security of Kerman province affected by the location of the resources of transnational, sub-national and inter-provincial threats. Also, it influenced by topographical conditions and the remoteness and proximity to centers of crisis. Townships in the western half of the province than half East of the state of societal security have better.
Analysis of Passive Defense Considerations in Urban Infrastructure With an Emphasis on Water Infrastructure
These days, cities are the most important places for human life, hence we have faced the concentration of population, capital, and infrastructure in cities. This concentration not only has a lot of economic, social, political and environmental ramifications, but also has made cities into strategic military and terrorist attack targets. Past experiences and the present experience of wars in countries like Iraq, Kosovo and Yemen, shows that urban centers and the critical infrastructure of the cities, such as water, electricity and energy infrastructure are the main and primary targets in case of an invasion.Passive defense is a series of principles and precautions relating to defense and security which can assure stability and survival of a system. Accordingly, this paper deploys an analytical method to review the vulnerability level of various parts of water infrastructure in case of a potential military or terrorist attack. The results of the study show that, despite the vital role of water in human life in the cities, different aspects of water infrastructure, including transport, storage, refining, administration and distribution are very vulnerable in case of a potential military or terrorist attack. Especially considering the fact that the protection and security of this infrastructure are very weak.Undoubtedly considering defense and security precautions in location, design, construction and management of these centers is a very important factor in minimizing the risks of a potential military or terrorist attack
The Role of Vibrant Markets in Organizing Tehran
The market status in this context consists of the measures that affect the performance of financial units. Measures that are beyond the control of the managers of these units. The financial market is one of the defining factors of the financial status of each country, based on which the economical situation of each country could be assessed. Transparency and competitiveness are the factors that lead to a healthy market, foreign and domestic investment in industry, success of productive financial activities and elimination of counterproductive activities. A major reason for the recession that has overshadowed the financial market in recent years, is the lack of interest to invest in industrial sections due to discouraging statistics in this context. This not only directs capital into non-productive sections, but also seriously affects employment in all regions of the country. Which leads to a lot of unemployed people who engage in non-productive activities. The high rate of immigration to Tehran is due to the fact that large amounts of capital are invested in Tehran instead of being invested in productive sections throughout the country. This situation has directly and indirectly affected Tehran and it makes the efforts for organizing Tehran futile. The present study is seeking to analyze the effect of improving financial markets on the vibrancy of industrial units throughout the country with a descriptive and analytical approach. It also seeks to analyze and elaborate the relationship between satisfactory financial markets and decreased immigration rate to Tehran and balanced financial prosperity in various regions of the country as well as relieving the pressure on Tehran and making it easier to organize
Determining Vulnerable Applications and Criteria for Spatial Locating With Emphasis on Unnatural Crises with AHP Method (Case Study: Sabzevar)
With the rapid increase in world population it is observed that most of this population is concentrated in cities. Nowadays about half of the world's population live in cities and it is estimated that from 2.2 billion people that will be added to earth’s population in the next 30 years, 2.1 billion will be living in cities. And 2 billion of these people are expected to be born in developing countries (UNDP Annual Report, 2003), which is one of the most significant security issues. So understanding passive defense and the factors that shape it have a strong impact on the security of the country and minimizing the potential damages to the country. Since our country Iran has unique political circumstances and geographical location, in the last three decades it has always been threatened from different aspects which shows the importance of passive defense in urban planning of different cities. Among the outstanding issues that are important in passive defense and crisis management is the location of strategic or vulnerable facilities. The aim of this research is to achieve recognition of applications that could be affected in times of crisis and to identify criteria of user location affected in times of crisis from the perspective of spatial-physical indicators (effective in positioning applications) for preparation and development of projects based on rules and regulations, and this has been done for the city of Sabzevar. Therefore, the literature and concepts related to passive defense, crisis management and mapping applications are analyzed, and then the appropriate definition of vulnerable facilities has been presented, as well as guidelines for locating these types of applications for protection in the time of crisis. The next step is to review the documents and maps of Sabzevar to prioritize the indicators identified by order of importance. At the end with the help of AHP-GIS method optimized sites have been identified for these centers. The results suggest that, given the circumstances and characteristics of Sabzevar compatibility standards, comfort, performance, utility, health and safety standards in locating vulnerable facilities are the most important.
Explanation of urban branding components with an emphasis on its economic aspects, case study: Mashhad metropolis
Investigation Citizen Attitudes on Foreign Immigrants Resident in Mashhad
Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most important countries, accepting immigrants and refugees from around the world. The immigrants are mostly from the neighboring countries.These immigrants had to leave their countries due tosecurity issues and difficult economic and social conditions. Most of these immigrants are Afghans.The greatest wave of immigration from Afghanistan to Iran startedwith Soviet attacksince 1978.
Mashhad the center of Khorasan-Razavi province sharing the eastern borders with this country,is one of the most important centers accept these immigrants. The population of Mashhad is about 3 million. And about4 decades after the first waves of Afghans' refugees, several million immigrants are periodically or permanently reside there. According to statistics provided by the authorities in 2012 about 150 thousand Afghan immigrants legally live in Mashhad, and have been estimated to be as many as illegal immigrants are living in this city.During these years, the facilities forimmigrants in the various fields are provided, including education, insurance, training, professional skills, etc.
The immigrants entering Iran has created many changes inthe economic, social, educational and cultural both for the immigrants and the host society.
Alongside with the given facilities and changes taken place during decades in Iran, there have been different positive or negative views on the acceptance and residence of these immigrants. What is important is, despite the large amount of these immigrants mostly from Afghanistan and their long -term residence in Iran, how welcomed are they in the host society? How the immigrants and the host society’s people interaction is? What is the people's views over acceptance or reject these immigrants?
This research aims to find Mashhad’s citizens attitude as an important center accepting foreign migrants and connection of these attitudes with factors such as gender, education, income, job variety, location in the city and ethnicity.
Research Methodology
The methodology of this research is based on survey. The needed data have been gathered using the questionnaire. The assessment of these variables has been done using Likert and Bougardos scale. According to the aim research,the dependent variable analyzed by independent variables, is the respondentsattitudes over foreign immigrants. These attitudes have been analyzed due to economic, sanitation, traffic, education, housing and social harms.
Result
Results show that the most negative attitudes are about social harms variable. According to respondents view, the migrants impact on education variableis not positive either. The housing indicator has less negative views compared to education and shows 57.6% of respondents as negative attitude. But the respondents view on economic factors is more positive. In total, 32% of the respondents view on foreign migrants is negative.60% isneither positive nor negative and 8% of the view is positive.This research also analyses the connection between citizen’s view and independent indicators. These indicators are built upon economic, social and personal features of respondents such as gender, marital status, education, residence (on foreign migrants’ existence levels), age, nationality, income, religion and relations form with foreign migrants.
Results show that indicators such as gender, age, job and residence of respondents on number of foreign migrants and access level is meaningfully related to respondents views over foreign migrants.
Men have more negative attitudes over the issue than women and it shows the gender and views on foreign migrants are related.Relation between respondents’ age and their views shows that the older the respondents are, the more negative their views are. Relation between respondent’s job and their views shows that the industrial jobs, business and governmental jobs have mostly negative views.The respondents city zone (on welfarelevels), influences their views. Meaning that the more their residence has lower levels on sustainability, the more negative their views on foreign migrants are.The respondents city zone (on the number of foreign migrants) influences their views too. Meaning the people living in areas with a large number of foreign migrants has a more negative view than the people with fewer migrants in their neighborhood. The type and level of relationship with foreign migrants also influences their views. The more connected are the citizens to foreign migrants, the less negative views they have.Items such as marital status, education, income, religion, and ethnicity have no concern with Mashhad citizen attitudes
