Received: 2025/02/27 | Accepted: 2025/05/11
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2- Science and Research Branch, Shahid Hesarak Boulevard, University Square, End of Shahid Sattari Highway ,
3- Department of Urban Development, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Art, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
4- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University
Introduction: A comparative analysis of international experiences in subsurface development can help identify the key factors contributing to the success or failure of underground urban projects. The present study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of global experiences and propose a conceptual model for urban subsurface development.
Methodology: This qualitative research was conducted in 2024 using a systematic review approach and content analysis. Out of 609 articles identified from reputable databases, 25 articles were selected for final analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using the SWOT method, examining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and were used to formulate strategies for subsurface urban development.
Findings: This study examined subsurface development experiences in 10 cities across 8 countries: Canada, Singapore, Finland, France, Australia, Russia, the United States, and Spain. These cities have adopted diverse approaches to address urban challenges through the utilization of underground spaces. The main opportunities identified include reduction in traffic and pollution, improved quality of urban life, enhanced public transportation, commercial development, and increased tourism. Most projects were implemented with gradual, technology-driven, and multifunctional approaches. Conversely, key challenges included institutional coordination, spatial limitations, geological issues, high costs, and ownership complexities. Ultimately, a conceptual model based on five main components was developed to localize and implement similar projects in other cities.
Conclusion: The comparative analysis reveals that countries adopting data-driven strategies, continuous feedback mechanisms, and participatory policymaking have achieved greater success in sustainable subsurface development.