Persian
Volume 31, Issue 4 (2017)                   GeoRes 2017, 31(4): 138-150 | Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Original Research |
Subject:

Print XML Persian Abstract PDF HTML

History

How to cite this article
Seyyed Rezaei M Y. Diversification and Complication of the Administrative System as a Model for Optimal Administration of Tehran. GeoRes 2017; 31 (4) :138-150
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-31-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Rights and permissions
Department of management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract   (4820 Views)

Modern society is complex and complex societies need complex administration. Thus, to understand the roots of a problem and overcome that problem understanding the complexity of the environment, and a complex and dynamic administrative system are essential. Therefore, with increase in the levels of complexity and diversity of social systems, application of complex theories and adaptive systems to cope with them is vital for administrators. However, the role of the capital and its administrative system is very important. Especially in developing countries, due to excessive centralization in political, economic, cultural, and administrative structures, and interrelations among them as well as providing direct service to public by local government. Thus the aim of this study is emphasis on diversification and complication of local government system proportional to the complexity of its environment as a way to solve the problems associated with the capital’s social system.  In this line, emphasis on the need to design systems that are compatible in terms of complexity is essential for administrative systems. In turn, for better success in today's changing environment and administration by city administrators, it is recommended that systematic thinking should be taught through workshops, complex adaptive systems theory, complexity theory and the law of requisite variety

Keywords:

References
1. ­ ­ Abarbanel, H.D.I. (2013), Predicting the future: completing models of observed complex systems, New York: springer,
2. ­ Ackoff, R. L. (1994), The democratic corporation: a radical prescription for recreating corporate America and rediscovering success. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
3. ­ Argyris, C., Donald, A. S. (1978), Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
4. ­ Ashby, W. R. (1956), An introduction to cybernetics, London, Chapman & Hall LTD.
5. ­ Ashby, W. R. (1958), Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems, Cybernetica, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 83-99.
6. ­ Ashby, W. R. (1960), Design for a brain: the origin of adaptive behavior, CHAPMAN & HALL.
7. ­ Auyang, S. Y. (1998), Foundations of complex-system theories: in economics, evolutionary biology, and statistical physics, Cambridge, Cambridge University press.
8. ­ Banathy, B. H. (1996), Designing social systems in a changing world, New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
9. ­ Bar-Yam, Y. (1997), Dynamics of complex systems, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley.
10. ­ Beabout, B. R. (2012), Turbulence, perturbance, and educational change, Complicity, An International Journal of Complexity and Education, Vol. 9, NO. 2, pp. 15-19.
11. ­ Beer, S. (1973), Designing freedom, Massey lecture, Canadian broadcasting corporation.
12. ­ Benbya, Hind, B. M.K. (2006), Using coevolutionary and complexity theories to improve IS alignment, a multi-level approach, Journal of information technology, Vol. 21, pp. 284-298.
13. ­ Berger, P. L., Luckmann, T. (1966), The social construction of reality: a treaties in the sociology of knowledge, New York: Penguin books.
14. ­ Bertalanffy, L. V. (1969), General system theory: foundation, development, application, New York: George Braziller, Inc.
15. ­ Bertalanffy, L.V. (1972), The history and status of general systems theory, The academy of management journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 407-426.
16. ­ Boisot, M., McKelvey, B. (2008), Connectivity, Extreme Outcomes, and Power Laws: Towards an Econophysics of Organization. Available at:
17. ­ Boisot, M., McKelvey, B. (2010), Integrating modernist and postmodernist perspectives on organizations: a complexity science bridge, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 415-433.
18. ­ Boisot, M., McKelvey, B. (2011), Complexity and organization-environment relations: revisiting Ashby’s law of requisite variety In Peter Allen, Steve Maguire, and Bill McKelvey (Eds.), the SAGE handbook of complexity and management, Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 279-298.
19. ­ Boisot, Max, Child. J. (1999) Organizations as Adaptive Systems in Complex Environments: The Case of China, Organization Science, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 237-252.
20. ­ Boisot, Max, McKelvey B. (2006), Speeding up strategic foresight in a dangerous and complex world: a complexity approach. In Gabriele G. S. Suder (Ed.), corporate strategies under international terrorism and adversity, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, pp. 20-37.
21. ­ Boulding, K. E. (1956), General systems theory: the skeleton of science, Management science, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 197-208.
22. ­ Brown, C. A. (2013), Pain and complex adaptive system theory, In Joachim P. Sturmberg and Carmel M. Martin (Eds.), handbook of systems and complexity in health, New York, Springer, pp. 398-421.
23. ­ Brown, C. S. (2004), Complex adaptive systems and organisational understanding in the Royal Australian Air Force, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.
24. ­ Buckley, W. (1967), Sociology and modern systems theory, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
25. ­ Capra, F. (1996), Web of life: a new scientific understanding of living systems, New York and London, Anchor books.
26. ­ Chapman, H. (2004), System failure: why governments must learn to think differently, Second edition, Demos.
27. ­ Cilliers, P. (1998), Complexity and postmodernism: understanding complex systems, London and New York, Routledge.
28. ­ Dennard, L. F. (2008), The budget process and complex civic space: Wildavsky and radical incrementalism, Administration & society, Vol. xx, No. x, pp. 1-14.
29. ­ Dilts, R.B. (1998), The law of requisite variety: why flexibility is important for success in a changing world, US: NLP University press.
30. ­ Dooley, K. J. (1997), A complex adaptive systems model of organization change, Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 69-97.
31. ­ Dooley, K. J., Timothy L. J., Bush, D. H. (1995), TQM, Chaos, and Complexity, Human Systems Management, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 1-16.
32. ­ Doolittle, P. E. (2014), Complex Constructivism: A Theoretical Model of Complexity and Cognition, International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 485-498.
33. ­ Flake, G. W. (1998), The computational beauty of nature: computer explorations of fractals, chaos, complex systems, and adaptation, The MIT press.
34. ­ Gell-Mann, M. (2002), What is complexity? In Alberto Quadrio Curzio and Marco Fortis (Eds.), Complexity and industrial clusters, dynamics and models in theory and practice, New York: Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, pp. 13-24.
35. ­ Gharajedaghi, J. (2006), Systems thinking: managing chaos and complexity: a platform for designing business architecture. Second edition, London and New York, Elsevier, Inc.
36. ­ Gharajedaghi, J. (2011), Systems thinking: managing chaos and complexity: a platform for designing business architecture, Third edition, London and New York, Elsevier, Inc.
37. ­ Giddens, A. (1991), The consequences of modernity, Cambridge: polity press.
38. ­ Gleick, J. (1988), Chaos: making a new science, New York: Penguin books.
39. ­ Goldstein, J. A. (1999), Emergence as a construct: history and issues, Emergence, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, pp. 49-72.
40. ­ Gordon, A. (2008), Future savvy: identifying trends to make better decisions, manage uncertainty, and profit from change, New York, AMACOM.
41. ­ Habermas, J. (1984), The theory of communicative action, Vol 1, reason and the rationalization of society, Boston, Beacon press.
42. ­ Hitchins, D. K. (1993), Putting Systems to Work , New York, Wiley.
43. ­ Holboork, M. (2003), Adventures in Complexity: An Essay on Dynamic Open Complex Adaptive Systems, Butterfly Effects, Self-Organizing Order, Coevolution, the Ecological Perspective, Fitness Landscapes, Market Spaces, Emergent Beauty at the Edge of Chaos, and All That Jazz, Academy of Marketing Science Review, Vol. 2003, No. 06.
44. ­ Holland, J. H. (1992), Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with applications to biology, control, and artificial intelligence, Cambridge, Massachusetts, the MIT press.
45. ­ Holland, J. H. (1993), Echoing emergence, Santa Fe Institute, SFI Working Paper,1993-04-023.
46. ­ Holland, J. H. (1995), Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity, New York, Addition-Wesley Publishing Company, Series, Helix books.
47. ­ Holland, J. H., Keith, J. H., Richard, E. Nisbe, P., Thagard, R. (1989), Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery, Cambridge, Massachusetts: the MIT press.
48. ­ Holland, J.H. (2014), Complexity: a very short introduction, Oxford, Oxford University press.
49. ­ Howe, V. (1994), Chaos: a new mathematical paradigm, Prepared for the international faith and learning seminar held at Newbold College, Bracknell, Berkshire, England, June, pp. 166-182.
50. http://www.billmckelvey.org/documents/working%20 papers.
51. ­ Huntington, E. (1929), Does civilization set up free? In Baker Brownell, Man and his World, Volume seven: problems of civilization, New York, D. Van Nostrand Company Inc., pp. 11-39.
52. ­ Huntington, S. P. (1968), Political order in changing societies, New Haven and London, Yale University press.
53. ­ Innes, Judith E., Booher. D. E. (2010), Planning with complexity, London and New York, Routledge
54. ­ Jackson, M. C. (2002), System approaches to management, New York, Kluwer academic publishers.
55. ­ Kast, F. E., Rosenzweig J. E. (1972), General Systems Theory: Applications for Organization and Management, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, General Systems Theory, pp. 447-465.
56. ­ Kauffman, S. A. (1993), The origin of order: self-organization and selection in evolution, Oxford, Oxford University press.
57. ­ Kellert, Stephen H. (2008), Borrowed Knowledge: Chaos Theory and the Challenge of Learning across Disciplines. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago press.
58. ­ Kiel, L. Douglas, Elliott, E. (1997), Exploring nonlinear dynamics with a spreadsheet: a graphical view of chaos for beginners, In L. Douglas Kiel and Euel Elliott (Eds.), 1997, chaos theory in the social science: foundation and application, US: the University of Michigan press, pp. 19-29.
59. ­ Klir, George J. (1991), Facets of systems science, New York, Plenum press, Springer.
60. ­ Lambardo, T. (2006), The evolution of future consciousness: the nature and historical development of the human capacity to think about the future, Author House.
61. ­ Laszlo, K. C. (1998), Dimensions of systems thinking, Unpublished manuscript, February, pp. 1-16.
62. ­ Lyons, M. H. (2005), Knowledge and the modelling of complex systems, Future, Vol. 37, pp. 711-719.
63. ­ Maguire, S., peter A., Mckelvey, B. (2011), Complexity and management: introducing the SAGE handbook, In Peter Allen, Steve Maguire, and Bill McKelvey (Eds.), the SAGE handbook of complexity and management, Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 1-26.
64. ­ Mainzer, K. (2004), Thinking in complexity: the computational dynamics of matter, mind, and mankind, Fourth revised and enlarged edition, New York, Springer -Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
65. ­ Mainzer, K. (2007), Thinking in complexity: the computational dynamics of matter, mind, and mankind, Fifth revised and enlarged edition, New York, Springer -Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
66. ­ Marion, R., Uhl-Bein, M.(2001), Leadership in complex organizations, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 389-418.
67. ­ Merali, Yasmin, Allen, P. (2011), Complexity and system thinking. In Peter Allen, Steve Maguire, and Bill McKelvey (Eds.), 2011, the SAGE handbook of complexity and management, Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 31-52.
68. ­ Morgan, G. (2006), Images of organization. Updated edition of the international bestseller, Thousand Oaks and London: SAGE publications.
69. ­ Nicolis, G., Nicolis C. (2012), Foundations of complex systems: emergence, information and prediction, 2nd edition, New Jersey and London: World Scientific publishing co.
70. ­ Nicolis, Gregoire, Nicolis C. (2007), Foundations of complex systems: nonlinear dynamics, statistical physics, information and prediction, New Jersey and London: World Scientific publishing co.
71. ­ Novikov, D. A. (2016), Cybernetics: from past to future, Switzerland: Springer.
72. ­ Olson, Edwin E., Glenda H. E. (2001), Facilitating Organization Change: Lessons from Complexity Science, San Francisco, Jossey‌-Bass / Pfeiffer.
73. ­ Parsons, T. (1951/1999), The social system, London, Routledge.
74. ­ Parsons, T. (1968), The social system, In D. L. Sills (Ed.), international encyclopedia of social science, Vol. 15. New York, Macmillan & the Free Press, pp. 458-473.
75. ­ Pohl, J. (1999), Some notions of complex adaptive systems and their relationship to our world, InterSymp-99, advances in collaborative decision-support systems for design, planning and execution, Baden-Baden, Germany, August 2-7, pp. 9-24.
76. ­ Pourezzat, A.A. (2015), Essentials of Public Administration, Second edition,Tehran, pub. SAMT, (In Persian).
77. ­ Pourezzat, A.A. (2016), Management by performance evaluation: design of vision support system to guide the path of society development, Tehran, Publication of the Center for Islamic-Iranian model of progress, (In Persian).
78. ­ Ramage, M., Shipp, K. (2009), Systems thinkers, London, Springer.
79. ­ Rathod, P. B. (2010), Contemporary public administration: ideas and issues, Jaipur, India, ABD publishers.
80. ­ Rosenhead, J. (1998), Complexity theory and management practice, Available at: http://human-nature.com/science-as-culture/rosenhead.html.
81. ­ Scott, W. R., Davis, G. F. (2007), Organization and organizing: rational, natural, and open system perspectives, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
82. ­ Seyyed Rezaei, M.Y. (2015), The necessity of systematic thinking to development by policymakers, Paper accepted at the Fourth Conference of Islamic-Iranian model of progress, 20-21 May, Tehran: the National Library, (In Persian).
83. ­ Sitte, R. (2009), About the predictability and complexity of complex systems, In M.A. Aziz-Alaoui and C. Bertelle (Eds.), from system complexity to emergent properties, India: springer. pp, 23-48.
84. ­ Stacey, R.D. (2001), Complex responsive processes in organizations: learning and knowledge creation, London and New York, Routledge.
85. ­ Sterman, J. D. (1994), Learning in and about complex systems, System Dynamics Review, Vol. 10, No. 2-3, pp. 291-330.
86. ­ Thibodeau, P., Flusberg, S. (2015), Systemic Metaphors Promote Systems Thinking, Conference paper, cognitive science society, Pasadena, CA, July .
87. ­ Thomas, R. (2006), An ABC of British higher education, Kybernetes, Vol. 35, No. 1-2, pp. 148-163.
88. ­ Tsoukas, H. (2005), Complex knowledge: studies in organizational epistemology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
89. ­ Tsoukas, H., Hatch, M. J. (2001), Complex thinking, complex practice: the case for a narrative approach to organizational complexity, Human relations, Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 979-1013.
90. ­ Uhl-Bein, M., Russ M., Mckelvey, B. (2007), Complexity Leadership theory: shifti leadership from the industrial age to the xnowledge era, The leadership quarterly, 18, pp. 298-318.
91. ­ Waldrop, M. M. (1992), Complexity: the emerging science at the edge of order and chaos, New York: Simon & Schuster, a Touchstone book.
92. ­ Wheatley, M. J. (2012), So far from home: lost and found in our brave new world, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishing, Inc.
93. ­ Wheatley, M.J. (2006), Leadership and new science: discovering order in a chaotic world, Third edition, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishing, Inc.

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author