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Volume 40, Issue 2 (2025)
GeoRes 2025, 40(2): 133-142 |
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Received: 2025/02/8 | Accepted: 2025/04/18 | Published: 2025/06/10
Received: 2025/02/8 | Accepted: 2025/04/18 | Published: 2025/06/10
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Rezaei Tabar Z, Motevalli S, Janbaz Ghobadi G. Empowering Local Communities in Mahmoudabad City for Sustainable Tourism Development with Emphasis on Natural Capacities. GeoRes 2025; 40 (2) :133-142
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1- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran
2- Department of Geography, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran
2- Department of Geography, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran
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Background
The increasing diversity of stakeholders in tourism and the negative consequences of uncontrolled development have highlighted the need for innovative and participatory approaches in decision-making. In this context, sustainable development has emerged since the 1980s as a key approach, with the empowerment of local communities recognized as one of the fundamental principles for achieving this goal.
Previous Studies
Previous studies have examined the role of sustainable development in tourism and emphasized the necessity of involving various stakeholders for the success of this approach. For example, Butler (1999) and Hardy et al. (2002) highlight the importance of having a clear definition of sustainable development in tourism, while Welford et al. (1999) and Eligh et al. (2002) have considered collaboration among the public sector, local communities, and local governments as a key factor in the successful implementation of sustainability principles. Similarly, Cuthill (2002) addresses the need for genuine and structured participation between residents and governmental institutions. Furthermore, the role of educating local communities and building capacity for effective cooperation has been emphasized by MacLeod & Todnem (2007). Overall, previous research stresses the importance of empowering local communities, utilizing natural resources, and leveraging social capital to strengthen the process of sustainable tourism development [Torre & Wallet, 2016; Pretorius & Nicolau, 2020].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study is to analyze the empowerment of local communities with an emphasis on the natural potentials of Mahmoudabad city for sustainable tourism development. To achieve this goal, the study seeks to identify the impact of local community empowerment on the development of sustainable tourism, considering the natural capabilities of the study area.
Research Type
This study was descriptive in nature.
Research Society, Place and Time
This study was conducted in the year 2024–2025 in the city of Mahmoudabad, located in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Due to its coastal and touristic location along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, Mahmoudabad holds particular significance. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens, managers, and urban officials of Mahmoudabad, with a reported population of 31,844 people based on the latest available data.
Sampling Method and Number
In this study, a simple random sampling method was used to select individuals. Using Cochran's formula, the required sample size was calculated to be 380 participants. These respondents were randomly selected from among the citizens, managers, and urban officials in order to collect the necessary data through a questionnaire.
Used Devices & Materials
To collect data in this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which was designed based on a review of scientific sources and a table of relevant components and influencing indicators. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: the first included demographic information; the second contained closed-ended questions using a five-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree); and the third included open-ended questions to gather respondents' qualitative opinions.
For content validity assessment, feedback was obtained from 10 experts in the field of sustainable tourism and community development, and the Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated for the items. Additionally, to assess the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach’s alpha test was applied, using a pilot sample of 30 participants. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 24.
Findings by Text
The largest age group of respondents was 40-49 years old (33.16%), and women made up a higher proportion than men (52.89%). The highest level of education was a bachelor's degree (39.21%), while the lowest was a doctoral degree (Table 2).
Table 2. Demographic characteristics of questionnaire respondents
In the economic dimension (Table 3), three criteria were assessed: employment and income, income distribution, and economic strengthening. Among existing conditions, the indicator “increasing job opportunities for youth” had the highest mean (3.61), while “increasing seasonal income for workers” (1.42) and “creating local economic units” (1.54) were the weakest. In terms of potential impact, “supporting small local investors” (3.68) and “absorbing surplus labor” (3.59) showed the highest effects.
Table 3. Average Empowerment of Local Communities for Sustainable Tourism Development in Mahmoudabad - Economic Dimension
In the social dimension (Table 4), “community participation in project implementation” had the highest mean in current conditions (3.45), whereas “accessibility to Mahmoudabad” (1.17) and “participation in training courses” (1.20) ranked lowest. If implemented, indicators such as “satisfaction with new infrastructure” and “availability of accommodation and transport services” were expected to have the greatest impact.
Table 4. Average empowerment of local communities for sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad – social dimension
In the environmental dimension (Table 5), “cooperation in environmental protection” had the best existing condition (2.99), while “destruction of natural beauty” (1.77) and “tourist-induced air pollution” (1.95) were the worst. If implemented, the indicator “destruction of natural beauty” showed the highest impact potential (mean: 4.44).
Table 5. Average empowerment of local communities for sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad – environmental dimension
Finally, the paired t-test analysis (Table 6) revealed significant differences between current and projected conditions across all criteria (P<0.05). The most considerable gap was observed in “economic strengthening,” which was prioritized for intervention, followed by “employment and income” and “social participation.”
Table 6. Paired samples t-Test for criteria to examine the difference between the current situation and the local communities’ empowerment level for sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad after implementing indicators
Overall, the results indicate that implementing the proposed indicators could significantly enhance local community empowerment in line with sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad.
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies
The present study confirmed the positive impact of urban tourism development on job creation and the improvement of the local community’s economic conditions (Parvin et al., 2020). Additionally, the role of tourism in generating employment opportunities and enhancing the economic well-being of local residents has been emphasized (Motie Langroudi & Rezaei Azadi, 2013). Cultural exchange and the reinforcement of indigenous identity have also been identified as key dimensions of sustainable tourism (Hatami Nejad & Sharifi, 2015). Challenges such as pressure on natural resources and cultural changes resulting from tourism have also received attention (Haghlesan & Arbabi Bostan Abad, 2023). Moreover, some studies have warned about the potential negative social consequences of tourism, including lifestyle changes and the erosion of local identity (Ebrahimnia Samakush et al., 2013). The findings of this research are consistent with those of ecotourism and community empowerment studies conducted in rural areas (Ghasemi et al., 2023; Manouchehri et al., 2021). Furthermore, the necessity of infrastructure development and proper management of natural resources to ensure tourism sustainability has been underscored (Fatahi et al., 2020; Samadi Parviznezhad & Akhavan, 2021).
Suggestions
For sustainable tourism development in the region, it is recommended to implement innovative recreational and sports activities such as sports competitions, water activities, hiking, and lighting shows to enhance tourism attractiveness. Maintaining ecological balance and preventing the destruction of natural resources throughout this process is essential. Tourism development should focus on empowering local communities and utilizing natural capacities to ensure not only economic and social benefits but also environmental protection. Smart planning and optimal use of resources will guarantee residents’ welfare and environmental sustainability, creating a successful model for sustainable tourism.
Conclusion
In the economic dimension, youth employment is in a good condition, while seasonal income and the establishment of economic units are weak. In the social dimension, public participation is positively evaluated, but access and education need strengthening. In the environmental dimension, cooperation in environmental preservation is strong, yet nature destruction and pollution remain serious challenges. Implementing the indicators creates a significant difference, with priorities given to employment, income, and social participation.
Acknowledgments: None reported by the authors.
Ethical Permission: None reported by the authors.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the first author's thesis.
Authors’ Contributions: Rezaei Tabar Z (First author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer/Methodologist (50%); Motevalli S (Second author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (25%); Janbaz Ghobadi Gh (Third author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (25%).
Funding: None reported by the authors.
The increasing diversity of stakeholders in tourism and the negative consequences of uncontrolled development have highlighted the need for innovative and participatory approaches in decision-making. In this context, sustainable development has emerged since the 1980s as a key approach, with the empowerment of local communities recognized as one of the fundamental principles for achieving this goal.
Previous Studies
Previous studies have examined the role of sustainable development in tourism and emphasized the necessity of involving various stakeholders for the success of this approach. For example, Butler (1999) and Hardy et al. (2002) highlight the importance of having a clear definition of sustainable development in tourism, while Welford et al. (1999) and Eligh et al. (2002) have considered collaboration among the public sector, local communities, and local governments as a key factor in the successful implementation of sustainability principles. Similarly, Cuthill (2002) addresses the need for genuine and structured participation between residents and governmental institutions. Furthermore, the role of educating local communities and building capacity for effective cooperation has been emphasized by MacLeod & Todnem (2007). Overall, previous research stresses the importance of empowering local communities, utilizing natural resources, and leveraging social capital to strengthen the process of sustainable tourism development [Torre & Wallet, 2016; Pretorius & Nicolau, 2020].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study is to analyze the empowerment of local communities with an emphasis on the natural potentials of Mahmoudabad city for sustainable tourism development. To achieve this goal, the study seeks to identify the impact of local community empowerment on the development of sustainable tourism, considering the natural capabilities of the study area.
Research Type
This study was descriptive in nature.
Research Society, Place and Time
This study was conducted in the year 2024–2025 in the city of Mahmoudabad, located in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Due to its coastal and touristic location along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, Mahmoudabad holds particular significance. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens, managers, and urban officials of Mahmoudabad, with a reported population of 31,844 people based on the latest available data.
Sampling Method and Number
In this study, a simple random sampling method was used to select individuals. Using Cochran's formula, the required sample size was calculated to be 380 participants. These respondents were randomly selected from among the citizens, managers, and urban officials in order to collect the necessary data through a questionnaire.
Used Devices & Materials
To collect data in this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which was designed based on a review of scientific sources and a table of relevant components and influencing indicators. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: the first included demographic information; the second contained closed-ended questions using a five-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree); and the third included open-ended questions to gather respondents' qualitative opinions.
For content validity assessment, feedback was obtained from 10 experts in the field of sustainable tourism and community development, and the Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated for the items. Additionally, to assess the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach’s alpha test was applied, using a pilot sample of 30 participants. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 24.
Findings by Text
The largest age group of respondents was 40-49 years old (33.16%), and women made up a higher proportion than men (52.89%). The highest level of education was a bachelor's degree (39.21%), while the lowest was a doctoral degree (Table 2).
Table 2. Demographic characteristics of questionnaire respondents
In the economic dimension (Table 3), three criteria were assessed: employment and income, income distribution, and economic strengthening. Among existing conditions, the indicator “increasing job opportunities for youth” had the highest mean (3.61), while “increasing seasonal income for workers” (1.42) and “creating local economic units” (1.54) were the weakest. In terms of potential impact, “supporting small local investors” (3.68) and “absorbing surplus labor” (3.59) showed the highest effects.
Table 3. Average Empowerment of Local Communities for Sustainable Tourism Development in Mahmoudabad - Economic Dimension
In the social dimension (Table 4), “community participation in project implementation” had the highest mean in current conditions (3.45), whereas “accessibility to Mahmoudabad” (1.17) and “participation in training courses” (1.20) ranked lowest. If implemented, indicators such as “satisfaction with new infrastructure” and “availability of accommodation and transport services” were expected to have the greatest impact.
Table 4. Average empowerment of local communities for sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad – social dimension
In the environmental dimension (Table 5), “cooperation in environmental protection” had the best existing condition (2.99), while “destruction of natural beauty” (1.77) and “tourist-induced air pollution” (1.95) were the worst. If implemented, the indicator “destruction of natural beauty” showed the highest impact potential (mean: 4.44).
Table 5. Average empowerment of local communities for sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad – environmental dimension
Finally, the paired t-test analysis (Table 6) revealed significant differences between current and projected conditions across all criteria (P<0.05). The most considerable gap was observed in “economic strengthening,” which was prioritized for intervention, followed by “employment and income” and “social participation.”
Table 6. Paired samples t-Test for criteria to examine the difference between the current situation and the local communities’ empowerment level for sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad after implementing indicators
Overall, the results indicate that implementing the proposed indicators could significantly enhance local community empowerment in line with sustainable tourism development in Mahmoudabad.
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies
The present study confirmed the positive impact of urban tourism development on job creation and the improvement of the local community’s economic conditions (Parvin et al., 2020). Additionally, the role of tourism in generating employment opportunities and enhancing the economic well-being of local residents has been emphasized (Motie Langroudi & Rezaei Azadi, 2013). Cultural exchange and the reinforcement of indigenous identity have also been identified as key dimensions of sustainable tourism (Hatami Nejad & Sharifi, 2015). Challenges such as pressure on natural resources and cultural changes resulting from tourism have also received attention (Haghlesan & Arbabi Bostan Abad, 2023). Moreover, some studies have warned about the potential negative social consequences of tourism, including lifestyle changes and the erosion of local identity (Ebrahimnia Samakush et al., 2013). The findings of this research are consistent with those of ecotourism and community empowerment studies conducted in rural areas (Ghasemi et al., 2023; Manouchehri et al., 2021). Furthermore, the necessity of infrastructure development and proper management of natural resources to ensure tourism sustainability has been underscored (Fatahi et al., 2020; Samadi Parviznezhad & Akhavan, 2021).
Suggestions
For sustainable tourism development in the region, it is recommended to implement innovative recreational and sports activities such as sports competitions, water activities, hiking, and lighting shows to enhance tourism attractiveness. Maintaining ecological balance and preventing the destruction of natural resources throughout this process is essential. Tourism development should focus on empowering local communities and utilizing natural capacities to ensure not only economic and social benefits but also environmental protection. Smart planning and optimal use of resources will guarantee residents’ welfare and environmental sustainability, creating a successful model for sustainable tourism.
Conclusion
In the economic dimension, youth employment is in a good condition, while seasonal income and the establishment of economic units are weak. In the social dimension, public participation is positively evaluated, but access and education need strengthening. In the environmental dimension, cooperation in environmental preservation is strong, yet nature destruction and pollution remain serious challenges. Implementing the indicators creates a significant difference, with priorities given to employment, income, and social participation.
Acknowledgments: None reported by the authors.
Ethical Permission: None reported by the authors.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the first author's thesis.
Authors’ Contributions: Rezaei Tabar Z (First author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer/Methodologist (50%); Motevalli S (Second author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (25%); Janbaz Ghobadi Gh (Third author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (25%).
Funding: None reported by the authors.
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