Persian
Language
Geographical Research is Published in Persian Fulltext.
Volume 39, Issue 1 (2024)
GeoRes 2024, 39(1): 107-115 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2024/02/24 | Accepted: 2024/04/15 | Published: 2024/04/30
Received: 2024/02/24 | Accepted: 2024/04/15 | Published: 2024/04/30
How to cite this article
Safari Rood bar R, Modiri M, Khaliji M. Performance and Effectiveness of Housing Provision Policies in Tehran Metropolis. GeoRes 2024; 39 (1) :107-115
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1591-en.html
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1591-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
1- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Passive Defense Complex, Malek Ashtar University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Urban Planning, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
2- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Passive Defense Complex, Malek Ashtar University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Urban Planning, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Full-Text (HTML) (96 Views)
Background:
Housing is one of the fundamental human needs and a critical element for ensuring welfare and socio-economic development. Policy-making in the housing sector directly affects urban quality of life and sustainability.
Previous Studies:
Rapid urbanization driven by economic, social, and policy factors has caused excessive migration to major cities, leaving 1.6 billion people globally without adequate housing or services, a figure expected to rise to 3 billion by 2030 [United Nations, 2023]. Urbanization challenges include slums and housing shortages, especially in Iran, where housing policies aim to address these issues [Sedaghati et al., 2022; Yazdani et al., 2017]. Effective housing policies involve equitable access, affordability, and sustainability [OECD, 2023]. Housing efficiency drives economic growth, reduces inequalities, and improves urban living standards [Habibi, 2018; Khatibi et al., 2021]. Effective policymaking requires addressing supply-demand imbalances and ensuring affordability [Rezazadeh et al., 2020; Charlesworth & Hyötyläinen, 2023].
Aims:
The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of housing policies in Tehran, focusing on sustainability and improving the quality of life for residents. This study seeks to analyze various dimensions of these policies, including their efficiency, socio-economic impacts, and alignment with population needs.
Research Type:
This study was applied and descriptive-analytical in nature, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods for data analysis.
Research Society, place and time:
The research population includes residents of various districts in Tehran as well as housing and urban planning experts. This research was conducted in Tehran, one of the major metropolises of Iran, in 2023. Tehran was chosen as the study area due to its diverse population and housing-related challenges
Sampling Method and Number:
The sampling method in this study was cluster sampling, and based on the Morgan table, the sample size was determined to be 384 participants. Data were collected from residents of various districts in Tehran using questionnaires and interviews
Used Devices & Materials:
The primary data collection tools included standard questionnaires, structured interviews, and secondary data from official sources such as the Iranian Statistical Organization. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software.
Findings by Text:
Descriptive analysis of 384 questionnaires revealed that out of the total respondents, 193 were men (50.3%), and 191 were women (49.7%; Table 1). The KMO value (0.944) confirmed sufficient data for factor analysis, with Bartlett's test rejecting the null hypothesis, indicating significant correlations among variables. The model fit indices were acceptable, with most factor loadings exceeding 0.4 (Table 2). Housing productivity (0.598) had the highest score, while social stability (0.124) scored lowest. Efficiency (0.661) was the most influential variable affecting housing policies, with all t-values exceeding 1.96, confirming significance (Figures 1 and 2). The results highlight the reliability and validity of the proposed model.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of specialists
Table 2. Factor Loadings of Variables for Each Construct
Figure 1. T-value in the research model
Figure 2. Relationship Between Independent and Dependent Variables of the Study
Among the relevant components, the variables of housing productivity and access to services achieved the highest scores with path coefficients of 0.773 and 0.616, respectively, making them the most influential independent sub-criteria. Additionally, the efficiency variable had the greatest impact on the dependent variable (housing policies), with a path coefficient of 0.661 (Figure 2).
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies:
Housing issues in Tehran were more severe than those in other cities in Iran and several major Middle Eastern metropolises. For instance, cities like Isfahan and Mashhad have successfully implemented housing support programs and market-regulation policies to alleviate housing challenges, whereas Tehran continues to struggle due to its high population density, limited land availability, and greater demand for housing. A study conducted in Istanbul shows that government-supported affordable housing projects significantly reduces homelessness and improved living standards (Yilmaz et al., 2021). Similarly, in Dubai, an emphasis on public-private partnerships led to the development of sustainable and affordable housing projects (Al-Rahmani et al., 2022). Cairo, a city facing challenges similar to Tehran, implements slum upgrading programs that improves housing quality without displacing residents, providing a valuable model for Tehran to consider (Hassan & El-Shafie, 2020). Furthermore, a comparative study on housing affordability in Asian megacities suggests that innovative financial policies, such as rent-to-own schemes in Hong Kong, help reduce financial burdens on middle-income groups (Chow et al., 2019). In Tehran's case, such measures could potentially alleviate the growing housing crisis. The findings are also consistent with global reports emphasizing the role of housing cooperatives and community-led development in cities like Berlin and Vienna to address long-term affordability concerns (Smith et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2023). These comparisons suggest that Tehran could benefit from a hybrid approach, drawing lessons from these diverse strategies while adapting them to its unique socio-economic context.
Suggestions:
Improving housing policies requires a comprehensive approach, including enhancing financial support, reducing land prices, and increasing investment in the housing sector. It is also suggested that policies be designed based on the real needs and demographic characteristics of each region.
Conclusion:
In terms of parameters related to effectiveness and efficiency in housing policies, access to services and housing diversity have greater impact, while social stability and housing quality have less influence. Sub-indicators such as setting appropriate prices based on market needs, capping rent increases, ensuring tenants' rights, providing incentives to housing developers, and improving construction system performance hinder the realization of housing policies in metropolitan areas.
Acknowledgments: We sincerely thank the experienced urban planners and managers who contributed to this study.
Ethical Permissions: No ethical issues were reported by the authors.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the dissertation titled "Evaluation of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Housing Policies with an Emphasis on Metropolitan Areas" by Razieh Safari Rudbar, supervised by Dr. Mehdi Modiri, and advised by Dr. Mohammad Ali Khaliji.
Authors' Contributions: Safari Rudbar R (First Author), Main researcher (60%); Modiri M (Second Author), Introduction Writer/Methodologist (35%); Ali Khaliji M (Third Author), Statistical Analyst (5%)
Funding: This article is based on the first author's doctoral dissertation titled "Evaluation of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Housing Policies with an Emphasis on Metropolitan Areas," funded by the first author.
Housing is one of the fundamental human needs and a critical element for ensuring welfare and socio-economic development. Policy-making in the housing sector directly affects urban quality of life and sustainability.
Previous Studies:
Rapid urbanization driven by economic, social, and policy factors has caused excessive migration to major cities, leaving 1.6 billion people globally without adequate housing or services, a figure expected to rise to 3 billion by 2030 [United Nations, 2023]. Urbanization challenges include slums and housing shortages, especially in Iran, where housing policies aim to address these issues [Sedaghati et al., 2022; Yazdani et al., 2017]. Effective housing policies involve equitable access, affordability, and sustainability [OECD, 2023]. Housing efficiency drives economic growth, reduces inequalities, and improves urban living standards [Habibi, 2018; Khatibi et al., 2021]. Effective policymaking requires addressing supply-demand imbalances and ensuring affordability [Rezazadeh et al., 2020; Charlesworth & Hyötyläinen, 2023].
Aims:
The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of housing policies in Tehran, focusing on sustainability and improving the quality of life for residents. This study seeks to analyze various dimensions of these policies, including their efficiency, socio-economic impacts, and alignment with population needs.
Research Type:
This study was applied and descriptive-analytical in nature, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods for data analysis.
Research Society, place and time:
The research population includes residents of various districts in Tehran as well as housing and urban planning experts. This research was conducted in Tehran, one of the major metropolises of Iran, in 2023. Tehran was chosen as the study area due to its diverse population and housing-related challenges
Sampling Method and Number:
The sampling method in this study was cluster sampling, and based on the Morgan table, the sample size was determined to be 384 participants. Data were collected from residents of various districts in Tehran using questionnaires and interviews
Used Devices & Materials:
The primary data collection tools included standard questionnaires, structured interviews, and secondary data from official sources such as the Iranian Statistical Organization. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software.
Findings by Text:
Descriptive analysis of 384 questionnaires revealed that out of the total respondents, 193 were men (50.3%), and 191 were women (49.7%; Table 1). The KMO value (0.944) confirmed sufficient data for factor analysis, with Bartlett's test rejecting the null hypothesis, indicating significant correlations among variables. The model fit indices were acceptable, with most factor loadings exceeding 0.4 (Table 2). Housing productivity (0.598) had the highest score, while social stability (0.124) scored lowest. Efficiency (0.661) was the most influential variable affecting housing policies, with all t-values exceeding 1.96, confirming significance (Figures 1 and 2). The results highlight the reliability and validity of the proposed model.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of specialists
Table 2. Factor Loadings of Variables for Each Construct
Figure 1. T-value in the research model
Figure 2. Relationship Between Independent and Dependent Variables of the Study
Among the relevant components, the variables of housing productivity and access to services achieved the highest scores with path coefficients of 0.773 and 0.616, respectively, making them the most influential independent sub-criteria. Additionally, the efficiency variable had the greatest impact on the dependent variable (housing policies), with a path coefficient of 0.661 (Figure 2).
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies:
Housing issues in Tehran were more severe than those in other cities in Iran and several major Middle Eastern metropolises. For instance, cities like Isfahan and Mashhad have successfully implemented housing support programs and market-regulation policies to alleviate housing challenges, whereas Tehran continues to struggle due to its high population density, limited land availability, and greater demand for housing. A study conducted in Istanbul shows that government-supported affordable housing projects significantly reduces homelessness and improved living standards (Yilmaz et al., 2021). Similarly, in Dubai, an emphasis on public-private partnerships led to the development of sustainable and affordable housing projects (Al-Rahmani et al., 2022). Cairo, a city facing challenges similar to Tehran, implements slum upgrading programs that improves housing quality without displacing residents, providing a valuable model for Tehran to consider (Hassan & El-Shafie, 2020). Furthermore, a comparative study on housing affordability in Asian megacities suggests that innovative financial policies, such as rent-to-own schemes in Hong Kong, help reduce financial burdens on middle-income groups (Chow et al., 2019). In Tehran's case, such measures could potentially alleviate the growing housing crisis. The findings are also consistent with global reports emphasizing the role of housing cooperatives and community-led development in cities like Berlin and Vienna to address long-term affordability concerns (Smith et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2023). These comparisons suggest that Tehran could benefit from a hybrid approach, drawing lessons from these diverse strategies while adapting them to its unique socio-economic context.
Suggestions:
Improving housing policies requires a comprehensive approach, including enhancing financial support, reducing land prices, and increasing investment in the housing sector. It is also suggested that policies be designed based on the real needs and demographic characteristics of each region.
Conclusion:
In terms of parameters related to effectiveness and efficiency in housing policies, access to services and housing diversity have greater impact, while social stability and housing quality have less influence. Sub-indicators such as setting appropriate prices based on market needs, capping rent increases, ensuring tenants' rights, providing incentives to housing developers, and improving construction system performance hinder the realization of housing policies in metropolitan areas.
Acknowledgments: We sincerely thank the experienced urban planners and managers who contributed to this study.
Ethical Permissions: No ethical issues were reported by the authors.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the dissertation titled "Evaluation of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Housing Policies with an Emphasis on Metropolitan Areas" by Razieh Safari Rudbar, supervised by Dr. Mehdi Modiri, and advised by Dr. Mohammad Ali Khaliji.
Authors' Contributions: Safari Rudbar R (First Author), Main researcher (60%); Modiri M (Second Author), Introduction Writer/Methodologist (35%); Ali Khaliji M (Third Author), Statistical Analyst (5%)
Funding: This article is based on the first author's doctoral dissertation titled "Evaluation of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Housing Policies with an Emphasis on Metropolitan Areas," funded by the first author.
Keywords:
References
1. Ahmadi P, Charehjoo F (2021). Investigating the level of residents' satisfaction with the residential quality of the Mehr housing project focusing on sustainable housing indicators. Spatial Planning Journal. 11(1):151-178. [Persian] [Link]
2. Ali Ghaderi R (2019). Analysis of housing provision policies for vulnerable groups (Lorestan). Journal of Humanities and Islamic Strategic Studies. 2(23):1-10. [Persian] [Link]
3. Asad Poor J, Thorpe DS, Ramkissoon H, Goh YW (2023). Multi-criteria housing energy efficiency research. Proceedings of the SBE Conference, 2023 April 30;Queensland, Australia. Queensland: Springfield. [Link]
4. Bassouli I, Zarifian Mehr AH (2020). A review of planning experiences and social housing policies for low-income groups in China and Barcelona, Spain. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Architecture and Urban Planning, Sustainable and Comprehensive Design for All. Shiraz: Apadana Institute of Higher Education. p. 1-9. [Link]
5. Byrne M (2019). The financialization of housing and the growth of the private rental sector in Ireland, the UK and Spain. Dublin: UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy Discussion Paper Series. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/02673037.2019.1632813]
6. Charlesworth D, Hyötyläinen M (2023). Housing cooperatives and the contradictions of Finnish land and housing policies. International Journal of Housing Policy. 1-22. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/19491247.2023.2235766]
7. Daneshmehr H, Khani S, Molasalimi V (2023). Social capital as a sustainable living environment among the residents of Mehr housing (case study: Baharan Mehr housing, Sanandaj). Motaleate Shahri. 12(47):91-104. [Persian] [Link]
8. Habibi M (2018). Minimum Housing. Tehran: Building and Housing Research Center Publications. [Persian] [Link]
9. Haffner MEA, Hulse K (2019). A fresh look at contemporary perspectives on urban housing affordability. International Journal of Urban Sciences. 25(Suppl 1):59-79. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/12265934.2019.1687320]
10. Hilber CAL, Schöni O (2016). Housing policies in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and the United States: Lessons learned. ADBI Working Paper 569. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. [Link] [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2778463]
11. Infosaba.com [Internet]. Tehran: Boum Sazegan consulting company; c2024 [Cited 2024, 7, May]. Available from: https://infosaba.com/companies/14539/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA- [Link]
12. James L, Daniel L, Bentley R, Baker E (2023). Housing niches: New directions for housing and urban policy. International Journal of Housing Policy. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/19491247.2023.2254466]
13. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University (JCHS) (2023). The state of the nation's housing. Cambridge: Harvard Graduate School of Design, Harvard Kennedy School. [Link]
14. Khatibi J, Sarvar R, Ezatpanah B (2021). Analysis of the effectiveness of urban development plans in housing development with a futures research approach (case: Region 3 of Zanjan). Journal of Geography and Planning. 25(77):81-94. [Persian] [Link]
15. Malakouti Nia M, Soltani A, Ezatpanah B (2020). Evaluating and assessing housing policies for low-income groups in Tabriz: A scientific article from the Ministry of Science. New Attitudes in Human Geography. 12(1):151-167. [Persian] [Link]
16. Manafi Azar R, Nazari A,Valaee M, Azadi Qatar S (2018). An analysis of local-spatial and socio-economic consequences of Mehr Housing of Miyandoab. Journal of Geographical Space. 18(62):137-157. [Persian] [Link]
17. Moradi M, Parizadi T (2020). Analyzing the impact of land and housing policies on the physical development of district 15 in Tehran. Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iranian Geographical Society. Tehran: Iranian Geographical Association. p. 1-14. [Persian] [Link]
18. Nouri Dehbozorg M, Razavian MT, Ghourchi M (2021). Explaining the effects of sustainability components on housing performance in social housing policy in Iran (case study: Tehran social housing project-Parand city. 21(74):109-130. [Persian] [Link]
19. OECD (2023). Confronting the cost-of-living and housing crisis in cities. OECD Regional Development Papers. Paris: OECD Publishing. No 49. [Link]
20. Omelchuk VO (2018). Effectiveness of the housing policy: A comparative analysis. European Research Studies Journal. 21(1):383-392. [Link] [DOI:10.35808/ersj/956]
21. Pormohammadi MR (2014). Housing planning. Tehran: Samt Publishing. [Persian] [Link]
22. Rezazadeh SM, Khosravi MT, Mahmoudi H (2020). Interpretation of affordable housing with emphasis on housing supply policies in developed and developing countries. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Urban Planning, Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Environmental Studies. [Persian] [Link]
23. Sedaghati A, Pirbabaei MT, Nourian F, Beyti H (2022). The literature review on value indicators of urban housing using the hedonic method analysis. International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning. 32(4):1-12. [Link] [DOI:10.30880/ijscet.2021.12.04.005]
24. Soheilivand L, Hatami E (2020). Analysis of the housing indicators focusing on social justice, Case: Ten areas metropolis Shiraz. Journal of Geographical Space. 71(20):1-23. [Persian] [Link]
25. Soleimani M, Hassani KS (2020). Evaluating sustainable housing supply and provision policies based on housing-related policies in national development and urbanization programs. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Urban Development Management in Iran. Tehran. [Persian] [Link]
26. United Nations (2023). United Nations Human Rights. Geneva: United Nations. [Link]
27. Yazdani MH, Salmani H, Pashazadeh A (2017). Study the satisfaction of Mehr housing residents case study: Ovshib and Mehre Velayat complexes of Babol City. Geography and Development. 15(47):253-270. [Persian] [Link]