Persian
Language
Geographical Research is Published in Persian Fulltext.
Volume 33, Issue 3 (2018)
GeoRes 2018, 33(3): 38-57 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2018/04/14 | Accepted: 2018/08/21 | Published: 2018/12/19
Received: 2018/04/14 | Accepted: 2018/08/21 | Published: 2018/12/19
How to cite this article
Sanagar Darbani E, Rafieian M, Hanaee T, Monsefi Parapari D. Climate Change Impact Assessment on Outdoor Thermal Comfort Changes Using Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) Index in Mashhad. GeoRes 2018; 33 (3) :38-57
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-399-en.html
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-399-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
1- Department of Urbanism, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
2- Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Arts , Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Urbanism, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ,Toktamhanaee@yahoo.com
4- Department of architecture Faculty of architecture and urbanism, Shahrood University technology, Shahrood, Iran
2- Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Arts , Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Urbanism, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ,
4- Department of architecture Faculty of architecture and urbanism, Shahrood University technology, Shahrood, Iran
Abstract (5347 Views)
Introduction and Background In recent decades, increasing earth heat lead to the death of thosands of people in the world. This situation cause urban planning meet a major climate change challenges which needs to mitigate its effects. Increasing in population and various related activities in different fields has led to problems such as wave heat throughout the world. In addition, changing the pattern of these changes and their unpredictability has increased in cities, thus concern about reducing and adapting to these hazards in different dimensions lead to pay more attention to urban life and promoting human health.
Aims The aim of this paper is to investigate effect of climate change which is caused by heat wave on outdoor thermal comfort in Mashhad city.
Methodology Data collection method was based on library studies and also data gathered from meteorological station of Mashhad in the period of 10 years (2017-2007). The analysis method was based on Rayman and Excell software in Mashhad and physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index was the most commonly used index for evaluating outdoor thermal comfort.
Conclusion Findings show that climate change and the effects of heat wave in Mashhad in July and August have affected the outdoor thermal comfort, which put human health at more risk in these months. Moreover, studies of outdoor thermal comfort changes in winter in this city shows that warming of these seasons experienced a rapid pace, so that over the past 10 years, outdoor thermal comfort has increased by +1.4°C in March, this number will each 1.1+ in summer and July. Studies show that the summer and spring seasons of Mashhad are entering to the thermal stress range, while its cold seasons are becoming warmer and entering to outdoor thermal comfort range.
Aims The aim of this paper is to investigate effect of climate change which is caused by heat wave on outdoor thermal comfort in Mashhad city.
Methodology Data collection method was based on library studies and also data gathered from meteorological station of Mashhad in the period of 10 years (2017-2007). The analysis method was based on Rayman and Excell software in Mashhad and physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index was the most commonly used index for evaluating outdoor thermal comfort.
Conclusion Findings show that climate change and the effects of heat wave in Mashhad in July and August have affected the outdoor thermal comfort, which put human health at more risk in these months. Moreover, studies of outdoor thermal comfort changes in winter in this city shows that warming of these seasons experienced a rapid pace, so that over the past 10 years, outdoor thermal comfort has increased by +1.4°C in March, this number will each 1.1+ in summer and July. Studies show that the summer and spring seasons of Mashhad are entering to the thermal stress range, while its cold seasons are becoming warmer and entering to outdoor thermal comfort range.
References
1. Akbari, H., & Konopacki, S. (2004). Energy effects of heat-island reduction strategies in Toronto, Canada. Energy, 29(2), 191-210. [DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2003.09.004]
2. Ali-Toudert, F. (2005). Dependence of outdoor thermal comfort on street design in hot and dry climate. (PhD), Universität Freiburg.
3. Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Biggeri, A., Baccini, M., Forsberg, B., Bisanti, L., . . . Michelozzi, P. (2008). Effects of cold weather on mortality: Results from 15 European cities within the PHEWE project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(12), 1397-1408. [DOI:10.1093/aje/kwn266]
4. ASHRAE. (2009). Fundamentals, American society of heating, refrigerating and air: Conditioning Engineers Pub.
5. ASHRAE. (2004). Fundamentals, American society of heating, refrigerating and rir: Conditioning Engineers Pub.
6. Cheung, C. S. C., & Hart, M. A. (2014). Climate change and thermal comfort in Hong Kong. International Journal of Biometeorology, 58(2), 137-148. [DOI:10.1007/s00484-012-0608-9]
7. Cimellaro, G. P. (2016). Urban resilience for emergency response and recovery. Switzerland: Springer [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-30656-8]
8. Dai, Q. (2014). The impact of urban form on thermal comfort across street zones. (PhD), The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
9. Djongyang, N. l., Tchinda, R., & Njomo, D. (2010). Thermal comfort: A review paper. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 2626-2640. [DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.040]
10. Draper, D. B., & Richards, P. A. (2009). Dictionary for managing trees in urban environments: Csiro Publishing.
11. Ebrahimzadeh, I., & Esmaeil Negad, M. (2017). The future challenge of climatic refugees regional developments dase study: South Khorasan. Geography and Development, 15(48), 1-18.( Persian)
12. Erell, E., Pearlmutter, D., & Williamson, T. J. (2010). Urban microclimate: Designing the spaces between buildings. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
13. Fallah Ghalhari, G., Esmaili, R., & Shakeri, F. (2016). Assessing the seasonal variability of thermal stresses during the last half century in some climatic zones of Iran. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 9(2), 233-246.( Persian)
14. Fanger, P. (1970). Thermal comfort: Analysis and applications in environmental engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill pub.
15. Hajat, S., Armstrong, B., Baccini, M., Biggeri, A., Bisanti, L., Russo, A., . . . Kosatsky, T. (2006). Impact of high temperatures on mortality: Is there an added heat wave effect? Epidemiology, 17(5), 632-638. [DOI:10.1097/01.ede.0000239688.70829.63]
16. Hansen, A., Bi, P., Nitschke, M., Ryan, P., Pisaniello, D., & Tucker, G. (2008). The effect of heat waves on mental health in a temperate Australian city. Environmental Health Persepectives, 116(10), 1369-1375. [DOI:10.1289/ehp.11339]
17. Heidari, S., & Monam, A. (2013). Evaluation of thermal comfort indices in outdoor space, Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 11(20), 192-216.) Persian(
18. Hensel, H. (1981). Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation. Monographs of the Physiological Society, 38, 1-321.
19. Höppe, P. (2002). Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy and Buildings, 34(6), 661-665. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00017-8]
20. IPCC. (2007). Climate change synthesis report - summary for policymakers: Retrieved from Cambridge University Press.
21. Johansson, E. (2006). Influence of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot dry climate: A study in Fez, Morocco. Building and Environment, 41(10), 1326-1338. [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.05.022]
22. Karimian, Z. (2013). Optimization of urban green space for the comfort of the warmest period of the year using modeling methods. (PhD), Ferdosi University of Mashhad, Mashhad.( Persian)
23. Linares, C., & Dı´az, J. (2008). Impact of high temperatures on hospital admissions: Comparative analysis with previous studies about mortality (Madrid). European Journal of Public Health, 18(3), 317-322. [DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckm108]
24. Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., & Rutz, F. (2002). Radiation and thermal comfort. Paper presented at the 6th Hellenic Conference in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics
25. Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. (2010). Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 54(2), 131-139. [DOI:10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0]
26. Monsefi Parapari, D. (2015). Adaptation to climate change and thermal comfort. (PhD), Dortmund University of Technology.
27. Morris, J. (2008). History of urban form: Before the industrial revolutions (R. Rezazadeh, Trans.). Tehran: Iran University of Science & Technology. (Persian)
28. Oliver, J. E. (2005). Encyclopedia of world climatology. Netherlands: Springer [DOI:10.1007/1-4020-3266-8]
29. Pirard, P., Vandentorren, S., Pascal, M., Laaidi, K., Le Tertre, A., Cassadou, S., & Ledrans, M. (2005). Summary of the mortality impact assessment of the 2003 heat wave in France. Euro Surveill, 10(7), 153-156. [DOI:10.2807/esm.10.07.00554-en]
30. Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., & Sinha, R. (2009). Climate resilient cities: A primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters. Washington, DC: World Bank.
31. Qanbarzadeh, H., & Behniafar, A. (2007). Fundemental of environmental change. Mashhad: Islamic Azad University Press.(Persian)
32. Roaf, S., Crichton, D., & Nicol, F. (2009). Adapting buildings and cities for climate change: A 21st century survival guide. Oxford, United Kingdom: Taylor, Francis Ltd.
33. Shams, M., Safari Rad, A., & Ghasemi, A. (2014). Assessing climate conditions of Mashhad city using the quantitative indices of thermal comfort, . Gerographical Journal of Tourism Space, 3(10), 91-104.(Persian)
34. Szokolay, S. V. (2008). Architectural science the basis of sustainable design. Oxford: Elsevier
35. Taylor, J., Wilkinson, P., Davies, M., Armstrong, B., Chalabi, Z., Mavrogianni, A., . . . Bohnenstengel, S. I. (2015). Mapping the effects of urban heat island, housing, and age on excess heat-related mortality in London. Urban Climate, 14, 517-528. [DOI:10.1016/j.uclim.2015.08.001]
36. Wilkinson, P., Landon, M., Armstrong, B., Stevenson, S., & McKee, M. (2001). Cold comfort: The social and environmental determinants of excess winter death in England. Bristol: The Policy Press.
37. Yang, L., Qian, F., Song, D.-X., & Zheng, K.-J. (2016). Research on urban heat-island effect. Procedia Engineering, 169, 11-18. [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.002]
38. Yilmaz, S., Akif Irmak, M., & Matzarakis, A. (2013). The importance of thermal comfort in different elevation for city planning. Global Nest Journal, 15(4), 408-420.
39. Yow, D. M. (2007). Urban heat Islands: Observations, impacts, and adaptation. Geography Compass, 1(6), 1227-1251. [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00063.x]
40. Zolfaghari, H. (2008). Determination of suitable calendar for tourism in Tabriz with using the thermo-physiological indices (PET and PMV). Journal of Geographical Studies, 39(62), 129-141.( Persian)