Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Presentation of a Strategic Model for Achieving Urban Sustainable Development in Mashhad Metropolis
12
29
FA
Sona
Bikdeli
Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Research Institute of Shakhes Pajouh, Isfahan, Iran
Sirous
Shafaghi
Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Research Institute of Shakhes Pajouh, Isfahan, Iran
Fatemeh
Vossughi
Department of Geography, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
The subject of many urban studies is sustainable development and ideal approach of urban planners and designers in designing sustainable cities is mainly toward a better life and reduction of environmental crises. This article seeks to answer these questions What are the most important issues and problems of instability in the metropolis of Mashhad? What are the most important strategies for achieving a sustainable urban development model in Mashhad metropolis? The purpose of this study is to provide a strategic model for achieving sustainable urban development in Mashhad metropolis. To this end, the concepts and principles of sustainable urban development have been studied. Then, a variety of theories related to the development of urban sustainability including the city boom, compact city and smart city were studied, analyzed and summarized using conceptual analysis method. Finally, the initial conceptual model of the research was presented after reviewing the national documents and identifying the principles of planning. The model points out that in order to achieve sustainable urban development in Mashhad metropolis, the emphasis on a system management dimension with four dimensions of sustainability including physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions is necessary. In a quantitative evaluation of the conceptual model of the research using confirmatory factor analysis, the high path coefficient of environmental sustainability suggests that the most important urban instability problem in Mashhad metropolis is environmental instability. On the other hand, based on the views of the urban management team, presenting a comprehensive and participatory strategy model is the best way to achieve sustainable urban development in the metropolis of Mashhad.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Pathology of Public Participation in Renovation and Improvement of Urban Structure in Abkouh Neighborhood in Mashhad
30
46
FA
Setareh
Mehrvarz
Department of Geography and urban planning, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
Baratali
Khakpor
Department of Geography and urban planning, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
Mohamad Rahim
Rahnama
Department of Geography and urban planning, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
The passage of time and the experience gained from various measures of renovation and reconstruction in different cities and countries have shown that these processes, without the participation of the people and their involvement, cannot lead to a desirable outcome, and it is essential that public participation and their role in the relevant processes is considered. In this research, SWOT technique and identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of popular participation were used to study the issue of public participation in refurbishing and renovating the fabric of the Abkouh metropolitan area of Mashhad, and realizing the status quo. The information was collected through open questions and interviews by 20 experts and specialists. The results of the survey showed that, although in this neighborhood, there are many opportunities such as "agreeing to implement the plan in the neighborhood in the case of popular participation", "high unofficial participation in the neighborhood (community council activity, high level of participation in religious affairs, charity etc.), "the existence of a sense of participation within the neighborhood," "the dedication of the population and their desire to continue living in the neighborhood" and "attention to people's participation approach in the design plan". However, along with that, the various disadvantages of the neighborhood, such as "the lack of organization of mechanisms and appropriate methods and participatory institutions,", "the multiplicity of organizations responsible for the issue (Astan Quds, Endowment Organization, Municipality, etc.) and the lack of integrated management in the implementation of the plan "," Household financial problems in the area and low income levels"," Lack of trust in authorities and fear of official participation "and" Lack of state and legal support of local councils and organizations " and other reasons have led to a desirable outcome in this regard. In this regard, various strategies have been proposed to increase the participation of people in the plan. It is necessary that the project managers and planners pay more attention to the actual participation of the residents and provide the mechanisms and requirements for the participation of the people in the implementation of the plan, in accordance with the conditions and characteristics of the residents.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Critical Analysis of Sampling Designs in Human Geography Research by Focusing on Selection Bias in Probability Samples
47
68
FA
Masoud
Safaei Pour
Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
Alireza
Rahimi Chamkhani
Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
Using of words " probability and random" has such a special meaning and in research sampling method from the point of view of research method principles, it means respecting the principles and rules of sampling theory and lack of selection bias in sampling design that guaranties reliability and generalizability of estimates. By assuming the existence of selection bias sample in probability sampling designs in human geography research, this research evaluates this assumption by using of a critical approach and qualitative method. In this respect, to explore and understand the issue in detail, 25 samples of articles with probability or random sampling method were selected by using of targeted and criterion-oriented sampling method through articles published in scientific geographical research journal of country in the last five years, but there is evidence and indications that oppose the above claim, and indicate not respecting the principles and rules of probability sampling (the possibility of existence of selection bias) in these samplings. Then aspects of the problem were studied by content analysis and citation analysis in each sampling separately. The results showed that in all studied samples, the special scientific claim of the samples being "probable or random" were not well founded, and applied sampling method was practically not based on probability in most of samplings, maybe because of lack of adequate knowledge of principles and rules of sampling theory. Some of them had considered the idiomatic and popular meaning of words " probability and random or accidental", and some despite being aware of scientific importance and meaning of these concepts, had not used them properly and had mentioned using of these method very briefly, and did not present a clear image of their mechanism, while there are in some cases the evidences indicating the reversal of above claim in their content. Finally, there is possibility of existence of selection bias in all of them and their estimates did not have reliability and generalizability. Due to extension of this issue in journals, research and different academic institutions of production science all around of country, serious consideration of this issue seems necessary in order to defend the prestige and the status of geography science as programming and development science.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Study of Seismic Potential of Benarvan Fault by Deterministic and Probabilistic methods
69
85
FA
Fariba
Hemmati
Department of Geography, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Behzad
Zamani Gharehchaman
Department of Geography, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Davood
Mokhtari
Department of Geography, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Shahram
Roostei
Department of Geography, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Benarvan Fault with the length of more than 20km is one the most important faults existing in Azarbaijan region which is located on the southern flank of Bozghoush Mount of Azarbaijan with the general orientation of southwest- northeast. In this research seismicity and seismic risk were determined by deterministic and probabilistic methods and the obtained results were analyzed. To do so, first, existing seismic sources and faults of the region and surrounding regions were identified and investigated in a radius of about 100 km and their characteristics such as length, orientation and distance from the center of Benarvan Village were determined. Then the maximum credible earthquake resulting from the activities of these faults was calculated by using deterministic and probabilistic methods. The Gutenberg-Richter Method was applied for calculating the return period of earthquake magnitude, as well. In fact, in this section the magnitude return period was calculated for the 100 km extent of the region by using the statistical methods. The results of the calculation of return periods for various magnitudes showed that the return period for an M7 earthquake was about 107 years.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Evaluation of Effective Social Components in Resilience of District 12 of Tehran
86
104
FA
Akram
Noruzi
Department of Geography and Urban planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Rahim
Sarvar
Department of Geography and Urban planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Masoud
Mahdavihajilouie
Department of Geography and Urban planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Today, local communities are struggling to find conditions that will allow them to return quickly to the pre-crisis situation in the event of a crisis. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on the issue of resilience rather than vulnerability. In this regard, one of the most important components of local community resilience is the social component. The research method is based on the purpose, of the applied type, using a descriptive-analytical method to identify the indices and factors affecting the component of social resilience. Finally, evaluation the neighborhoods in District 12 of Tehran will be discussed. Therefore, firstly, the indicators and effective factors of social resilience were identified and defined practically, and then, using the questionnaire in the form of AHP, the weights of the indices were determined by local experts. With simultaneous analysis of spatial and non-spatial data in the area for the ranking of 13 neighborhoods, using the entropy method, the effect of each of the indices in the neighborhood level has been studied in terms of resilience. Then, using the FAHP hierarchical analysis, the method of analyzing the gray ratio to the social component analysis at the level of the six areas has been analyzed, and the results of these analyses have led to the identification of the most resilient area in the region. Presentation of data analysis using tools such as GIS and spatial analysis models and methods of statistical analysis is done. The results indicate a low level of resilience against crises for the whole region. From the constructive and effective components of socio-cultural resilience, the demographic characteristics index has the most impact in increasing the level of localization and District 5 is the most resilient area in the region.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Comparison of Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Using Weight of Evidence and Frequency Ratio Models at Sanganeh Kalat Basin
105
126
FA
Majid
Ebrahim
Department of Geomorphology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Abolghasem
Amir Ahmadi
Department of Geomorphology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Mohammad Ali
Zangeneh Asadi
Department of Geomorphology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Gully erosion is the most advanced type of water erosion in watersheds that produces large volumes of sediment that and cause a lot of damage. Thus mapping susceptibility to gully erosion and identification of factors can help managers and decision-makers to reduce the risk of erosion. The objective of the present study is to assess the capability of weights-of-evidence (WofE) and frequency ratio (FR) models for spatial prediction of gully erosion susceptibility and characterizing susceptibility conditions at Sanganeh Kalat Basin. At first, a gully erosion inventory map is prepared through extensive field study, then raster maps of the variables affecting the Gully Erosion (lithology, land use, distance from river, slope degree, slope direction, plan curvature, topographic wetness index, drainage density and altitude) in a database and Geographic Information System (GIS) was created. In total, of the 46 gullies which have been identified, 32 (70 %) cases are random algorithm selected to build gully susceptibility models, while the remaining 14 (30 %) cases are used to validate the models. The effectiveness of gully erosion susceptibility assessment via GIS-based models depends on appropriate selection of the conditioning factors, which play an important role in gully erosion. Learning vector quantization (LVQ), one of the supervised neural network methods, is employed in order to estimate variable importance. Finally, validation of the gully dataset which has not been utilized during the spatial modeling process is applied to validate the gully susceptibility maps. The receiver operating characteristic curves for each gully susceptibility map are drawn, and the areas under the curves (AUC) are calculated. The results show that the gully erosion susceptibility map produced by the frequency ratio model (AUC = 86.32 %) functions well in prediction compared to the wofe model (AUC = 73.49 %). Furthermore, LVQ results reveal that drainage density, slope degree, distance from river and topographic wetness index are the most effective factors
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Planning for Regeneration of Urban Brown−Fields with Social Aspect of Place Making Procedure, Case Study of Abkuh Sugar Factory in Mashhad
127
137
FA
Faranak
Hassani
Department of Urban Design and Planning, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Sanaz
Saeedi Mofrad
Department of Urban Design and Planning, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
The present paper aims to reveal a redevelopment plan based on the social approach of the place making technique on the industrial site of Abkuh Sugar Factory as an important brown−field in Mashhad city. These types of redevelopment plans can be beneficial for municipalities and local communities by providing a safe and secure environment. In this regard, in order to provide data with a social approach in the place making technique, a questionnaire survey was used with regard for its validity and reliability. For this purpose, the sample size of 380 people was selected from the statistical population of about 62,000 inhabitants of the total area on the site of the Abkouh Sugar Factory based on the Cochran formula. The questionnaires were completed during a week in the fall of 2016. The questionnaire data were first introduced in Excel software, and then the results were analyzed using statistical and inferential analysis to determine the relative requirements of land use and services for designing the studied area. Then, in order to study the effective factors of design, the GIS technique was used to generate maps and databases. Subsequently, using the scenario planning for studying of the future of the area, two main drivers of social perspectives and design factors were considered and three minimal, middle and maximal scenarios were developed. Finally, based on the three main criteria of physical, functional and perceptual assessment as critical factors for futures scenarios, a scenario of a redevelopment plan that was more flexible, accessible, and secure, was selected as a desirable place making plan for the studied area.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Detection of Iran’s Vegetation Seasons Using NDVI
138
147
FA
Majid
Montazeri
Department of Climatology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Omid Reza
Kefayatmotlagh
Department of Climatology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Introduction and background: Awareness of vegetation and its health is representative of climate conditions for each place. To study and monitor the vegetation on a global and regional scale access to timely field data are usually difficult and limited. Estimation of vegetation on an ordinary method that includes an overall of vegetation is time-consuming and does not provide precise information. Thus remote sensing is a very helpful way that is in priority as provide a large overview and is repetitive and time can be saved using this method. Application of vegetation indices that is widely used can be exploited to quantify the net annual products in planetary and other scales. The present study is motivated to find out a methodology to detect and classify vegetation and also to detect Iran’s vegetation seasons. Methods: In this effort as the first step MODIS_Aqua 16 days of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1381.4.13 to 1393.12.23 were downloaded from MODIS web site. And then nearly 10 billion codes were analyzed in matlab to calculate the mean 16 days of NDVI and then a Matrix of 23*7541502 was constructed. In the last step, the cluster analysis was applied to the data using Ward method. Results: The investigations indicated that according to the spatial values of NDVI five separate seasons are observable in the country as follow densely (February 26th to April 15th), very dense (April 15th to June 2nd), sparse (June 2nd to October 24th), transient (October 24th to November 25th) and very sparse (November 25th to February 26th) seasons. Discussion and conclusion: In general, vegetation is massive in the spring, sparse in summer and winter, and the autumn is the transition season.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Pasture Covering Status in Growth Period, Case Study: Shirvan Darasi Aquiferous Zone
148
157
FA
Saeide
Eini
Department of Climatology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Behroz
Sobhani
Department of Climatology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Saeed
Jahanbakhsh Asl
Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Ahmad
Nohegar
Department of Environmental Management Planning, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
The aim of current research is to access pasture covering status in drought and rainy conditions during pasture germination beginning and climax periods in different altitudes of Shirvan darasi aquiferous zone at Meshkinshahr city. So, by using precipitation data, total daily, participation, minimum, maximum and mean temperature of Meshkinshahr were measured during 1996-2016 statistical period and were used for determining pasture growth in different periods and calculating standard precipitation index (SPI) in 3 time intervals with 1, 3 and 6 months and also TM Landset satellite images were applied for plant covering difference index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI) during pasture germination beginning and climax periods in different altitudes of studied zone. In order to investigation the relationship between studied indices, (R2) correlation, (R) Pearson correlation and RMSE (root mean of square error) coefficients were used. Based on SPI index results, precipitation position was normal in most of years in the region, but the most drying conditions have happened during April, May, June months for pasture growth period. Obtained results from implementation and evaluation of indices showed that the most correlation between leaf area index at standard participation and pasture germination climax periods at pasture germination beginning period was equal to 0/874, with the least error rate which it is equal to 1/32. According to Pearson correlation coefficient there is significant relationship between participation amount during pasture germination beginning period with pasture covering area at germination climax period. Generally, results showed that precipitation decline during early stages of pasture growth period has a more significant impact in determining growth conditions and pasture congestion compared to dry conditions in other pasture growth stages.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Three-dimensional Analysis of Tourism Climate Index Across Iran
158
174
FA
Arshin
Bakhtiari
Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Faculty of Tourism, Higher Education Complex of Bam, Kerman, Iran
Bahram
Bakhtiari
Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
In this study, Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was used for a network of 153 synoptic stations of Iran to determine climate comfort in each month. The monthly TCI distribution was determined according to one of the six classes of poor, optimal, summer peak, winter peak, dry season peak and dual peaks. Linear and nonlinear multivariable regression models were used to investigate spatial legitimacy between TCI, latitude, longitude and elevation of different stations for each month separately. For validation of the models, the statistics such as t-test, F-test, root mean square error, mean error, mean absolute relative error and determination of coefficient were used. The results showed that significance level of t- test probability is greater than 0.05 for latitude in April. Also, this variable is not significant at the 0.05 level in the F statistics and reduce the model’s determination of coefficient. So there is no need for the existence of this variable in three-dimensional model in this month. But all three variables could be involved in the model in January, February, March, May, November and December. To create a model with higher accuracy, nonlinear three-variable models are fitted when the index has been a regression equation just with two variables. The results showed that standard error of the estimated values of model parameters is high, except in February and December. The three-dimensional linear and nonlinear models for the estimation of TCI are presented for different months across Iran.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
The Historical Geography of Reishahr Port from Old Era Until the Fall of the Sassanid Dynasty
175
187
FA
Badrosadat
Alizadeh Moghadam
Department of Islamic History, Isfahan Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran
Ehteram
Shekarian
Department of Islamic History, Isfahan Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran
Reishahr is the name of an old port near Persian Gulf hot waters. This port, which today is part of Bushehr province, has an old history full of ups and downs. In inscriptions and monuments which have remained in the area, the names like Lyan, Bakht Ardeshir, Rioardeshir and finally Reishahr could be found. This area had a special significance in Iran in old era. Not just geographically and strategically, but also economically and culturally. With collapse of Sassanid dynasty, Reishahr also lost its central role and importance in Persian Gulf geography and over time, it has rarely been mentioned since in geographical resources. In this article, with investigation of geographic, historic, cultural and commercial importance of Reishahr in old era, the reasons for the decline of Reishahr port in Sassanid dynasty have been analyzed.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Planning and Formulating Solutions for the Realization of Creative Cities in Iran (Case Study: Urmia City)
188
209
FA
Ahmad
Aftab
Department of Geography and Urban planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Hussain
Nazmfar
Department of Geography and Urban planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Ata
Ghafarigilandeh
Department of Geography and Urban planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Mirnajaf
Mousavi
Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
The aim of this research is planning and formulating solutions for the realization of creative cities in Iran with emphasis on Urmia city. This is an analytical-descriptive, correlation research and for data analysis the model of network analysis, TOPSIS and for the relationship between the variables inferential statistics tests such as correlation coefficient, multivariable regression and path analysis were used. Statistical population consists of the five regions in Urmia and the factors of the study include 10 main criteria with 16 sub-criteria that were selected based on a thorough examination of external and internal sources. The results of the ANP model show that the criteria of creativity infrastructure and creative class were of the highest importance with a score of 0.39 and 0.094 respectively, and criteria of urban scale and social diversity were of the lowest importance with a score of 0.122 and 0.023 respectively in moving the city of Urmia toward being a creative city. Examining the status of the indicators of creativity and how they are distributed and ranked shows that region one with the TOPSIS 0.9781 is in the first place and region two with the TOPSIS 0.0097 had the last rank regarding level of creativity between the regions of Urmia. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between 10 variables and urban creativity in the five regions of Urmia. Meanwhile, region one has the highest correlation with 0.496, and the above ten variables are capable of explaining 37.8% of variance variations (The situation of urban creativity in the Urmia). The results of the path analysis are that criteria for creativity infrastructure and creative class with the rate of 0.501 and 0.490 have the most impact on the realization of the Urumia creative city. As a result, solutions such as development of elite recruitment centers, maintaining creative class, using Urumia’s social diversity, investing and developing technology infrastructures have the greatest impact for the city of Urmia on the path to becoming a creative city.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Identification and Ranking the Criteria of Site Selection for Construction of Mosques in Roadways
210
221
FA
Saeed
Jafari Titkanloo
Department of Management, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
Omid
Behboodi
Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
Mohammad Sadegh
Hematian Saboor
Department of Management of sacred places, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
Mosques as one of the most obvious aspects of community and identity in Islam play a fundamental role in both appearance and spiritual aspects. Thus, this study aims to identify and rank the factors of locating mosques in roadways, and is considered a descriptive study, in terms of purpose and nature. The statistical population consists of 10 experts in the field of construction of mosques in roadways. The samples have been chosen purposefully, and the data collection has been through interviews. Open and axial coding methods were used for data analysis regarding identification of the factors in data based method and for analysis of the content of the interviews. For ranking the factors AHP method has been used. The results show that economic factors (budget and allocation of suitable lands), cultural and religious factors (Islamic-Iranian architecture, proximity to historic buildings, considering the religion of the passengers and considering the culture of the people of the region) and environmental factors (air pollution from authorized factories, lack of ground water pollution, not destroying forests and grasslands and observing environmentally protected areas) and social factors (safety, fundraising, consideration of hygiene), are among the important factors for construction of mosques in roadways. In prioritization, economic, cultural and religious, environmental and social factors are allocated 1 to 4, respectively.
Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute
Geographical Researches
1019-7052
32
4
2018
3
1
Impacts of Boundaries Geometry on the Security of Western Boundaries of Iran
222
236
FA
Sirus
Ahmadi Nohadani
University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
Arezo
Alanchari Chavdorchi
University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
International boundaries have been one of the preoccupations of Political Geography since their appearances. The shape and type of boundaries are an important issue in national security and for the offensive or defensive position of countries. Studies have been done and more attention has been paid to the boundaries geometry (convex, concave, directness) in recent decades. Also this study wants to verify the impacts of boundaries geometry on national security. This descriptive and analytical article studies the impact of western boundaries geometry of Iran on national security. Results of research show that concave boundaries play a defensive role and convex boundaries play an offensive one. thus the convex boundaries have significant security sensitivity and attract more human, economic and military resources to preserve their security in order to guarantee the national security.