@article{ author = {Akbari, M.}, title = {Social Pathology in Iran; Spatial Analysis from the Perspective of Social Geography}, abstract ={Aims: One of the issues that greatly contribute to social comfort and welfare is security and analysis of related components. This study aimed to investigate social pathology and analyze indicators related to Iran's social security using the combined solution technique.  Methodology: This analytical study was conducted using the data of the statistical yearbook of science and culture of Iran in 2018 in all provinces of Iran. CoCoSo multi-criteria decision-making technique and three strategies of the combined compromise solution model were used to analyze the data. Findings: In the first strategy, Tehran (0.007), Mazandaran (0.030) and Fars (0.031) provinces had the lowest and Ardabil, Bushehr, South Khorasan, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Kurdistan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Markazi and Yazd provinces (all 0.034) had the highest points. In the second strategy, Tehran province (2) had the lowest, and Bushehr province (10.604) gained the most points. In the third strategy, Tehran province (0.216) had the lowest, and Bushehr, Qazvin, and North Khorasan provinces jointly (all 1) gained the most points. Conclusion: Based on the combined results of the three strategies, Bushehr province is in the first place with 4,588 points and is relatively the safest province in Iran in the studied indicators.}, Keywords = {Social Pathology, Social Geography, Crime, Security, CoCoSo Technique, Provinces of Iran}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-977-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-977-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Montazeri, Z. and EbrahimPoor, M.}, title = {Identification and Review of Defenseless Urban Spaces in Oudlajan Neighborhood of Tehran}, abstract ={Aims: Security is one of the basic pillars of urban spaces in order to ensure the welfare and comfort of citizens. Some urban spaces, due to their specific functional and physical characteristics, become spaces for crime and insecurity, and are considered as a defenseless space. The historical context of Oudlajan neighborhood of Tehran has created insecure and defenseless spaces due to the existence of some special physical-functional features. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify and study defenseless spaces in Oudlajan neighborhood of Tehran. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method. Data collection is based on field-dominated Library Studies, which use observation, questionnaire, interview and photography tools in the field section. The statistical population is the entire population of Oudlajan neighborhood, which according to Cochran's formula, 374 people have been identified as a sample population. Data analysis was performed SPSS software (sample T_tests, ANOVA and Friedman). Findings: Defenseless spaces in Oudlajan neighborhood are undesirable due to the high average value. Also, in comparison between Oudlajan neighborhoods, Imamzadeh Yahya neighborhood is in a better position than the other two neighborhoods. In Friedman's prioritization, the functional-physical, visual dimensions are ranked first and second, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that there are 72 defenseless spaces in Oudlajan neighborhood, so through strategies such as infrastructure development, cultural and sports facilities with the help of people and local institutions can play an effective role in organizing and returning security to the neighborhood.}, Keywords = {Defenseless Spaces, Insecure Spaces, Oudlajan Neighborhood}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-21}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-963-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-963-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Madadi, A. and Ghale, E. and Ebadi, E. and Nezafat, B. and Pasban, A.}, title = {Investigation of the Relationship between Geomorphic Characteristics and Sediment Production in Nirchai Basin}, abstract ={Aims: Today, soil erosion and sediment production are considered a danger to humans and their lives, so in areas where soil erosion is not controlled, soils gradually erode and lose their fertility. The aim of this study is to model the relationship between the amount of suspended sediment load and the geomorphic features of the Nirchai River Basin. Methodology: In this study, GIS was used to extract geomorphic features and its relationship with sedimentation. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between geomorphic characteristics and sedimentation of each sub-basin. The results of investigating the relationship between geomorphic characteristics and sediment in sub-basins showed that the amount of sediment produced had a positive correlation with the volume of flow and the form factor of the basin and was significant at the level of 5 percent. Also, in order to identify the factors affecting the amount of sediment in the basin among the existing variables, the principal component analysis method was used. Findings: The results show that among 25 variables affecting sediment production, four factors of area, basin coefficient, environment and discharge were 37/78, 25/47, 18/5 and 11/22 percent of variance of all variables of research. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that in total, all the effective factors of the four final extracted factors were able to explain 92.9 percent of the variance of all research variables.}, Keywords = {Principal Components Analysis, Nirchai basin, Stepwise Regression, Geomorphic Features}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-34}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-933-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-933-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {SaeidiMofrad, S. and TalebElm, M.}, title = {Assessing Urban Resilience Against Flood Risk; a Case Study of “Water and Electricity” Neighborhood in Mashhad City, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: Assessing the vulnerability of urban areas to surface water is of particular importance. Destruction of the watershed upstream of urban areas with the destruction of vegetation and road construction and the uncontrolled expansion of urban and industrial lands reduces the infiltration and increases running water, and carries the risk of floods. This study aimed to evaluate the resilience status of the Mashhad water and electricity neighborhood against flood risk. Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted in 2020. Data collection was performed through library studies, Internet search, and databases, and the required data were extracted from the SWMM model for runoff simulation by combining the Hec-Ras hydraulic model in ARC-GIS software. Findings: In the study area, low rainfall and short time but with high instantaneous intensities produced higher waterfall peaks than higher rainfall and longer time but with lower instantaneous intensities. Conclusion: The location to determine the boundary of the floodplain is located on the left side of Laden Boulevard (between Laden 12 to the water and electricity grid), which, even with normal rain, fills the riding area to the edge of the asphalt with water. The northern part of the neighborhood, especially the northeastern part, is more at risk of flooding.}, Keywords = {Urban Resilience, Crisis Management, Urban Runoff, Urban Flood}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-43}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-949-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-949-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {SaeidiMofrad, S.}, title = {Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decision Support System (MC-SDSS) in Prioritization of Brownfield Redevelopment in Mashhad Metropolis, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: The concept of redevelopment is accompanied by measures and forecasts to improve the quality of cities' physical environment. This is necessary when the cohesion, coordination and performance of the urban environment are diminished and do not meet the needs of the environment. Brownfields are, including abandoned areas, inefficient and in need of redevelopment in cities. This unstable land as urban areas have led to environmental degradation, social segregation, and incidence of identity and instability in the cities have been. Despite these problems, it is important to pay attention to and identify these areas and evaluate them for purposeful and sustainable intervention in these lands. This study's main issue was to identify the indicators for the definition of brownfields in the metropolis of Mashhad and to determine the criteria for prioritizing the redevelopment of these lands. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and method, based on consecutive analytical and exploratory strategy. Furthermore, for analysis, using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decision Support System and its hybrid models (TOPSIS, SAW). Findings: Based on analyzes performed and components and indicators Obtained from available sources, a conceptual model with five components and 30 indicators and the weight of each category and the importance of the issues were determined. Conclusion: The results indicate that the redevelopment of brownfield in the Mashhad creates countless opportunities to revitalize and regenerate urban activities and achieve urban sustainability in various social, economic, physical, and environmental dimensions. Among the 13 metropolitan areas of Mashhad, District 12 is the priority for the brownfield redevelopment, and SAMEN district, as the most central urban area that includes the historical urban fabric, was the last priority in the redevelopment of brownfield.}, Keywords = {Redevelopment, Brownfield, Prioritize, Multi-Criteria Spatial Decision Support System, Mashhad}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {45-54}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-917-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-917-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saeidi, M. and Mirlotfi, M.R.}, title = {Effect of Iranian-Afghan Marriages on Socio-Economic Dimensions of Rural Quality of Life in Jiroft, Iran}, abstract ={Amis & Backgrounds: The expansion of international migration as well as the marriage of immigrants with the host community will cause special effects in geographical spaces and especially the quality of life of migrant areas. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of marriages of Afghanistanian citizens with Iranian women on socio-economic dimensions of their quality of life in rural areas of Jiroft. Methodology: This research is of applied type and has been done by descriptive- Comparative analytical method. The statistical population of the present study is 403 households in Bandsaraji, Daryacheh,Chah Afghan and Kenar Sandal villages of Jiroft city. The sample size of the study was determined to be 197 households, using the Cochranchr('39')s formula of. In order to achieve the objectives of the present study, in addition to documentary studies, indicators in socio-economic dimensions of quality of life were determined and examined in the framework of field studies. Also, appropriate statistical tests of SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings of Kruskal-Wallis test confirm that the socio-economic quality of life of Iranian-Afghanistanian couples is significantly different with Iranian couples in the villages of Jiroft city, with a rate of 0.000. Also, the results of regression coefficient showed that social indicators with standardized beta coefficient of 0.353 are more effective than economic indicators in the quality of life of Iranian-Afghanistanian couples. Conclusion: Quality of the socio-economic indicators related to the quality of life of the two groups of rural households with Afghanistanian-Iranian couple and rural households with Iranian couple in the studied villages was not the same and in general the socio-economic quality of life was more desirable in rural households with Iranian couple.}, Keywords = {Afghan Refugees, Iranian-Afghan Marriages, Quality of Life, Rural Development}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-62}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-961-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-961-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kaviani, E. and Afzalian, Kh. and Sahaf, M. and Seyedolhosseini, S.M.}, title = {Evaluation of the Factors Affecting the liveliness of Mashhad’s Public Spaces Relying on Image Perception and Analysis}, abstract ={Aims: Public spaces are very important to urban vitality. Due to their significant role, people 's presence, social interactions and liveliness, keeps the space alive. Environmental factors play a significant role in creating such interaction that affects space. The purpose of this study is to recognize and analyze the involved factors influencing the vitality of spaces and also their internal connection in Mashhad city spaces. Methodology: The following descriptive research was carried out via implementing a qualitative online image- based questionnaire in during a 4-month- period man-to-man elevation (Jan-March 2020). 200 people were selected randomly and presented a questionnaire including 12 out 40 hectic urban spots of Mashhad City. Data acquired was evaluated using Chi-square Test. Findings:  According to the gathered responses,109 distinct attributes that were extracted that were conceptually correlated and abridged into seven main. in 7 main categories: qualities of environment, elements, physical and formal features, functions, feeling, activities and neighboring uses as the most significant environmental factors in formation of social life and vitality of public spaces. Two of the aforementioned concepts were human- oriented features and the rest were of physical- natured. Conclusion: Public space affects the mentality of people through physical and human- oriented factors of the environment and if it will encourage them to establish social interactions and exchange in case of any pleasant feeling, which in-itself it will lead to the formation of social vitality.}, Keywords = {Vitality, Public Spaces, Environmental Factors}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {63-73}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-992-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-992-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {EsmailiVardanjani, M. and Marsousi, N. and MokhtariMalekabadi, R. and Aliakbari, E.}, title = {Evaluation and Geographical Analysis of the Principal Components Affecting Urban Economic Sustainability; Case Study of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Cities, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: Today, economic challenges is the most important obstacles to achieving sustainability in the cities of developing countries. Therefore, recognition and geographical analysis of the factors affecting the economic sustainability of cities are among the important goals and priorities of urban and regional planning. Methodology: This research has been done by quantitative and survey method and using secondary data. In this study, with using the content validity index and content validity ratio, 17 objective indicators of economic sustainability were selected and economic sustainability of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari cities measured and analyzed by using principal component analysis, spatial autocorrelation (Morans I) and inverse distance weighting interpolation methods. Findings: Findings of the research in the principal component analysis show that the three principal components (economic welfare, economic dynamism and economic diversity) with a total variance of 60.7%, explain the correlation between research variables to measure and evaluate the urban economic sustainability of the province. Also, spatial autocorrelation Moran's Index with a value of 0.031 indicates the random spatial pattern of urban economic sustainability in the province and the significance of spatial relationships of 7 urban centers in economic welfare, 8 urban centers in economic dynamism, 6 urban centers in economic diversity and 9 urban centers in the composite index of economic sustainability. Conclusion: The results of the study, while showing the unfavorable situation of the cities of the province in the economic welfare component, show the concentration of the better situation of the cities located in the eastern half, especially the cities located in Saman, Borujen and Shahrekord county compared to other regions of the province in all three principal components and combined economic sustainability index.}, Keywords = {Economic Sustainability, Cities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Geographical Analysis, Principal Component Analysis}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {75-85}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-953-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-953-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {LashgariTafreshi, E.}, title = {The explanation the Conceptual Turn of Sovereignty Towards Communication Governance in Poststructuralist Political Geography}, abstract ={Introduction: In political geography, sovereignty is the highest coercive power on a territorial scale which has been the creator of classical political, geographical views since the Westphalian period. However, since the 1980s, the function of Westphalian sovereignty in the production of geographical space has been criticized by poststructuralist geographers. A new wave of theories and approaches began that assumes power as a pervasive and pluralistic process at all societal levels. This research has been struggled to analyze the causes, contexts, and functions of the conceptual turn of political sovereignty and its function in the production of geographical space in poststructuralist political geography. In this regard, in the first step, geographical space and its dimensions and subdivisions are defined concerning the poststructuralist school. Then, by explaining how to reconstruct the concept of sovereignty in the poststructuralist school, a new perspective is presented concerning the conceptual consequences of governance in political geography. Conclusion: Findings research shows that civil society is considered the main source of space production in poststructuralist political geography. In this regard, considering the same credibility for discourses and social forces opens the door to dialogue in management and organization of space. In this context, the multiplicity and difference of social forces in the governance process are recognized and emphasize the right to exist. By emphasizing the right to different exist; Participatory democracy emerges, and the transfer of power to smaller territorial units such as local governments is considered.}, Keywords = {Political Geography, Post Structuralism, Governance, Communications}, volume = {36}, Number = {1}, pages = {87-97}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-972-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-972-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yahyaei, M. and MofidiShemirani, SM. and Ahmadi, V.}, title = {Site Selection of Potential Zones for Wind-Catchers in Hot and Dry Areas of IRAN to Naturally Ventilate the Building}, abstract ={Aims: The purpose of this study was to locate wind-catcher sites in regions with hot and arid climates in the country (Semnan province). Methodology: the current study is empirical in terms of purpose. First, the initial list of indicators affecting the location of the wind-catchers was prepared by reviewing the fundamental theories was approved by the Delphi method. Then, a combined model was used to find the potential areas for wind-catchers establishment. This model includes the Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) technique and the Geographic Information System (GIS). The tools used for this purpose were ArcGIS software, version 9.3, and Expert Choice software, version 2004. The pair comparison method was used to weigh the indicators and zones. Findings Six indicators of sunny hours, wind, altitude, temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation were identified to locate the win-catchers. The relative humidity index with a weight of 0.38 had the highest score and the height index with a weight of 0.154 had the lowest score. The layer for each indicator was prepared and drawn for the eight cities of the province. Eventually, according to the scores estimated by the pairwise comparison of the indicators and the studied areas, the priorities of the cities of Semnan province in terms of the wind-catchers establishment are as follows: Semnan, Garmsar, Aradan, Sorkheh, Damghan, Shahroud, Miami and Mehdishahr. Conclusion: the optimal locating of wind-catchers requires a combination of several indicators that was possible using the hierarchical analysis method combined with GIS. The final model is practical and generalizable to similar climates.}, Keywords = {Site Locating,Wind-catcher,Geographic Information System,Hierarchical Analysis Method,Hot and Dry Climate,Semnan Province,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {99-113}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-988-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-988-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zanganeh, Y. and Boroughani, M.}, title = {The Analysis of the Relationship Between Dust Phenomenon and Rural Population Changes in Sistan Region}, abstract ={Aims: A dust storm is a phenomenon caused by particular conditions such as harsh wind, dry air and bare soil that is prone to erosion. The Sistan region in the southeast of Iran is one of the most affected areas by dust storms. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between dust and rural population changes in the Sistan region (including 5 cities: Zabol, Helmand, Zahak, Nimroz and Hamoon) over the past 25 years (1991-2016). Methodology: This is a descriptive-analytical study and the required data are collected through desk studies using demographic statistics and satellite images. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analyzes including correlation coefficient tests. Findings: The results of comparing the rate of rural population growth in the studied area in Sistan and Baluchestan province showed that in all 4 time periods (1991- 1996, 1996-2006, 2006-2011, and 2011-2016) the annual rate of rural population growth in the studied area had been significantly less than the annual rate of the province's rural population growth. Furthermore, the results of the study showed that there is a significant negative relationship between the average number of dusty days in the region in all four studied periods and the average annual rate of rural population growth in rural areas. Conclusion: according to the findings of the current study, it can be concluded that the villages' potential to keep the population is highly dependent on natural conditions, especially sand and dust storms as a result of successive droughts in this region.}, Keywords = {Dust,Rural Population,Sistan Region,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {115-123}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-991-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-991-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nazemi, Gh. and Rezazadeh, R. and Saghatoleslami, A. and Sarvari, H.}, title = {The Coordinated Planning Theory (The Interacted Theory with Official Structural Elements of Iran’s Urban Planning Environment)}, abstract ={Aims: Today, the inconsistencies range of last seven decades planning and urban plans which were due to the lack of formulating an indigenous theory base on the Iran's planning environment characteristics, are visible. Achieving to the interacted urban planning theory with the official structural elements of Iran’s planning environment is the research aim. Methodology: This is a qualitative research with the critical approach. "Classical Grounded theory" is the foundation of research provision. Targeted semi-structured interviews with 30 experts and documentary research of 100 published scientific and research documents (1991-2020) provided the data that coded by the MAXQDA software. The research validity was confirmed by reviewing the literature and "Assessment with the seven criteria of Strauss and Corbin" and "Assessment with the Cresol questions". Findings: In the data linking (860 open cods) and conceptualizing process of this research, with "autographs" and the participation of interviewees, the basic codes of "macro-planning structure", "theories and theoretical frameworks" and "planning environment" were identified. The official planning structure and "the elements of the official urban planning structure" and the basic code of "coordination model of the official planning structure elements" and three basic categories of: "incoordination and inconsistency in the process of providing and implementation the plan", "inconsistency and incoordination of theoretical frameworks of planning model" and "incoordination In the urban governance" with using the "graph model" was clarified. Conclusion: The research showed: the "coordination" concept is the codes and categories central core which lead to the interacted planning theory with the elements of the official structure of Iran’s planning environment. The focal phenomenon that shows "the theory of this research" is "coordinated planning" with the strategies of: "theoretical guidance for organizing a coordinated planning process" and "practical guidance for coordinating the role, viewpoint, interaction, etc. of institutions and users involved in planning".}, Keywords = {Theory of Planning,Coordinated Planning,Planning Environment,Official Structure,Grounded Theory,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {125-136}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-996-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-996-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Basiripoor, Gh. and Rahnama, MR and Shokouhi, M.}, title = {The Effective Factors on the Strategic Position of the Supreme Council in the National Development of Iran}, abstract ={Aims: This study aims to design a model for the factors influencing the improvement of the strategic position of the supreme council of the provinces in Iran's national development. Physical aspects of the city and the country's optimal future development are the studied fields in the current research. Methodology: This is a qualitative study in terms of the methodology according to the grounded theory. The statistical population includes the elites in the provinces' supreme council that are selected using snowball sampling and continued until the theoretical saturation with 12 people. Findings: There are 59 codes discovered for the main category of the research (good urban governance), 12 codes for the casual data condition, 36 codes for the contextual condition, 9 codes for the strategies, 11 codes for the intervening factors, and 54 codes for the consequences. 181 codes were extracted from the research interviews. Conclusion: according to the research findings, some factors such as the art and science of management, national resources, and managerial attitude can form a good urban governing that highlights strategies such as creativity thinking (divergent thinking) and peaceful approaches as the provincial supreme council strategies. Such strategies may have some results for instance the development-oriented approaches and sustainable development.}, Keywords = {National Development,Provincial Supreme Council,Good Urban governance,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {137-147}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-832-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-832-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {SharifiNajafAbadi, R.}, title = {The Analysis of Neotectonic Activities Evidence in Murghab Basin}, abstract ={Aims: Murghab River is one of the main tributaries of the Zayandeh River.  There have been no significant Neotectonic studies conducted in the river's basin. However, Shazand, Khansar and Dalan faults cross the basin. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of Neotectonic activities in a part of the Murghab basin near the Shazand fault. Methodology: A digital height model with an accuracy of 30 meters was prepared for this area and the geological layers were added afterward. The basin was divided into 18 sub-basins and Hi, Bs, Af, SL, S, Facet%, and V indices were calculated using Arc Map, Arc View and Global Amper software. The relative index of Active tectonics (IAT) was calculated, as well. Field visits were used for the complementary studies. All data were combined in the final analysis. Findings: The relative index of active tectonic (IAT) shows that the majority of the sub-basins are active and semi-active. Along fault, some displacements were observed in the Slikenside of the fault. The network of streams in the Murghab Basin shows evidence that some of the streams have rotated 90-degree, which approves Neotectonic activities and lowering of the lake base level and its rupture in the studied area. Conclusion: other nearby studies provide some evidence of the Shazand fault activity in this area. Highly likely tectonic activities in the future might be dangerous for people and facilities in the area and policymakers need to take it into consideration in future planning.}, Keywords = {Neotectonic,Geomorphic indices,Shazand Fault,Morghab River,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {149-160}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-968-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-968-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Akbari, M.}, title = {Transportation Indicators Assessment in Iran\'s Metropolises}, abstract ={Aims: talking about economic and social development, it is essential to mention transportation. The current study is carried out to assess the transportation indicators in Iran's metropolises. Methodology: The needed data for Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah, and Hamedan (formal metropolises) and Rasht, Zahedan, and Kerman (informal metropolises) for this qualitative study is collected from Tehran statistics in 2018. The studied indicators are the number of working buses, working gas-fueled buses, private-sector buses, bus lines, bus stops, roofed bus stops, predicted train lanes, operated train stations and lanes, parking lots, vertical parking, overpass bridges, mechanized overpass bridges, crosses with traffic lights, gas stations, pedestrian underpass, and multilevel interchanges. The analysis of the transportation indicators was done using the EDAS multi-criteria decision-making technique. Findings: EDAS score for transportation indicators in Tehran metropolis is 1.000 which is the highest score among the studied metropolises. Mashhad (with 0.549), Isfahan (with 0.508), and Shiraz (0.456) are the next ranks, respectively. According to the scores of the EDAS, other metropolises are in poor condition. Conclusion: Iran's metropolises except for Tehran are not in good condition in terms of their transportation indicators.}, Keywords = {Urban Transportation,EDAS Technique,Iran’s Metropolises,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {161-171}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1048-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1048-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ziari, K. and Sarraf, M. and Poorahmad, A. and Farhoudi, R.}, title = {Explanation of Child-Friendly City Principles with the attitude of the Urban Environment Improvement using Delphi Method in District 2 of Tehran}, abstract ={Aims: Given the importance of the issue of children in the city and their living context, it is necessary to plan and design healthy and safe urban environments for this future generation. According to the recent studies, it is needed to clarify the local criteria and indicators of a child-friendly city with a focus on the improvement of the environment and providing a conceptual framework to evaluate main priorities. This study aimed to explain the optimal local structure of a child-friendly city to improve the quality of urban spaces and to provide the needed criteria and indicators for evaluating the child-friendly cities in urban spaces by considering the concept of recreation and entertainment in District 2 of Tehran. Methodology: the current research is analytical-descriptive and is considered as a development-applied evaluation in terms of its purpose. The data were collected through desk studies and a survey. According to the type of the problem and the purpose of this study, the urban area scale was proposed. Considering the extracted dimensions and indicators, a questionnaire was handed out in a group of 384 households randomly using a researcher-made method with 95% confidence. SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis. Some variables and the research framework were explained by elites and experts in this field using the Delphi method. Then, they were analyzed to determine the level of criteria for weighting and the relative importance of the effective components. Finally, using GIS maps and geographical explanation, the final indicators were classified into four groups using the method of zoning of urban blocks, structural measurement, and the average of the whole city by natural failure method in each index of urban blocks. Findings: The results show that there are child-unfriendly zones in the central, southern, and even northern parts of district 2 of Tehran that cover the main cores of activity. Conclusion: the urban fabric, access, land use, and relevant layers are influential in the friendliness of the city for children and affect their life quality on small scale.}, Keywords = {Child,Child-Friendly City,Urban Environment,Urban lock,Tehran District 2,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {173-189}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1037-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1037-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {MikailiHajiKandi, Kh. and Sobhani, B. and Vramesh, S.}, title = {Detection of Surface Temperature Changes Using Satellite Images and Real Data and its Relationship with the Covered Vegetation in the Southern Part of the Lake Urmia}, abstract ={Aims: Today, the use of remote sensing methods for measuring land surface temperature has got more popular. Because remote sensing provides the opportunity to estimate the temperature in every region accurately. This study aimed to estimate land surface temperature using remote sensing in the south of Urmia Lake, compare them with observed data, and analyze the relationship between estimated land surface temperature and vegetation cover. Methodology: Changes in temperature of the surface of the earth were investigated from 2000 to 2017 as well as their relationship with changes in vegetation and land use in agricultural regions. Then, thermal bands of Landsat 7 and OLI were used for measuring land surface temperature and converting DN to radians and brightness temperature. Moreover, NDVI was used for calculating emissivity and determining land use based using an object-oriented method. Then, the relationship between vegetation and land surface temperature was investigated using regression analysis. Findings: The results showed that the observed and estimated land surface temperature had increased from 2000 to 2017 due to the changes in land use and vegetation cover. According to the results of linear regression analysis, there is a significant relationship between estimated and observed land surface temperature (R2 = 0.72). Furthermore, there is a significant negative relationship between land surface temperature and vegetation cover. Conclusion: The results showed that remote sensing methods provide accurate results in estimating the surface temperature. Understanding the surface temperature and its relationship with various land uses helps planners and experts to make managerial decisions to protect natural resources and agricultural lands.}, Keywords = {Vegetation Cover, Land Surface Temperature, Object Oriented, NDVI, Lake Urmia}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {191-203}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1032-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1032-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ArianTabar, H. and Jabbari, E. and Farahpour, MM.}, title = {Investigating the Role of the Movements of Khorram Abad’s Hidden Thrust Fault in the Evolution of Khorram Abad River’s Drainage System}, abstract ={Aims: Khorram Abad plain is located in the folded Zagros zone and its River, as one of the main rivers discharging to Karkheh River, flows through this plain. This region is highly influenced by the neotectonic activities of this fault since Khorram Abad’s hidden and active fault is located in this region. Therefore, the current study aimed at the investigation of the effect of this fault’s activities on the morphological activities of Khorram Abad River. Methodology: This is an empirical study that is quantitative in terms of used data and calculations. Remote-sensing techniques, geometrical indices, aerial photos, satellite images, and field studies are used in the current research. For this purpose, the river’s route was divided into five subzones to be more precise. Then, the aerial photos taken in 1955 were compared to Google Earth’s 2016 images in GIS. Geometrical indices such as the gradient of the river’s slope and sinuosity of the mentioned five subzones were calculated by the digitization of the river’s route in AutoCAD; the profiles and the changes in the alluvial terraces were measured through field observations. Findings: Khorram Abad River’s geometrical indices indicated that Khorram Abad’s anticline and its upstream regions are upheaving and the downstream regions are subsiding or staying in their previous positions. This ascending trend has been followed by an increase in the average river's slope has changed the number of the tributaries and geometrical properties of the river. Conclusion: The primary reason for the morphological changes in the Khorram Abad River is the geological movements. Then, the movements of Khorram Abad hidden thrust fault were the most important factors changing the morphology of Khorram Abad River in the studied period.}, Keywords = {Morphological Evolutions,Morphotectonic,Khorram Abad,Hidden Fault,Drainage System,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {205-216}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1020-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1020-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Katiraei, F. and Gharagozlu, A. and Alesheikh, AA. and Hemmasi, AH.}, title = {A Spatial Model for Assessing Urban Sewage Network Accidents in Cities with Historical Context A Case Study of Isfahan}, abstract ={Aims: The expansion of cities in recent years has led to an increase in uncontrolled construction around historic buildings and as a result has caused problems such as moisture leakage into the foundations of historic buildings. Isfahan province with more historic buildings It is the first city in 400 years that the sewerage network has been implemented. In recent years, some of these works have been exposed to moisture from old and dilapidated facilities. Therefore, overcoming this problem requires designing a spatial model based on smart technology in the operation of the municipal sewage network. Methodology: This model was designed based on the combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) based on the Getis ord GI* index. After combining the results of this combination with statistical analysis, using non-parametric Kendall and Spearman tests, wastewater accidents and their probability of occurrence in the context of historical regions were evaluated. Findings: This model is capable of evaluating previous sewage accidents and predicting the possibility of future accidents in the historical regions of the cities. Such a model has an empirical nature and as a result, can be updated in the event of an accident in the future. The combination of the Analytical hierarchy process and the Getis ord Gi* index is a special feature of this research. Conclusion: In the study area, soil type, inappropriate infrastructure, worn sewer pipes, small diameter pipes, and population density were identified as the most important causes of accidents in the sewerage network.}, Keywords = {Spatial Model,Sewerage Network,Geographic Information System,Historical Region,Getis ord Gi*Index,}, volume = {36}, Number = {2}, pages = {217-232}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1047-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1047-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gharehbaglou, M. and Reshad, L.}, title = {Characterizing imageability in Gajar houses of Tabriz}, abstract ={Aims: From Lufor’s perspective, space is constructed based on spatial operation, recreation and the space in which recreation takes place. This approach is a descriptive view of the relationship between space from a materialistic point of view and its dominant ideas with its dwellers. In this perspective, humans integrate distinct and indistinct data of space and create map-like mental images for collaboration and living purposes. Images show how humans construct an image of their surroundings, hence, highlighting the influential role of specific components in contributing to the formation of the images. The objective of this study is to characterize the imageability factors in living space of humans. Methodology: Quantitative survey as well as a graphic questionnaire (cognitive maps) are the methods of the current research. The obtained data will be analyzed based on their content. Houses of Gajar era located in Tabriz are studied herein. Findings: Findings reveal that the representational components of the mental images of dwellers based on eight categories indicate attributes of space equivalent to spatial variety, spatial connectors, spatial interaction, spatial territory, spatial joints, spatial divisions, and distribution of spatial performance have been instilled as internal and external perceptions, as well as the in-between spaces, nature and natural phenomena, hierarchical relationship of the house with the city, hierarchical process of entrance from the alley to the house and from an outdoor space to an indoor one, performance-based and connection-based hierarchical processes inside an indoor space as well as distinctive features of each location. Conclusions: components of imageability in space can be characterized by comparing operational space, recreative space, recreation space with its representational, mental and empirical counterparts. Representational components relate to the morphology of the space, while mental and empirical components relate to the ideas governing the space and deductions of human from these spaces}, Keywords = {Space,Perception,Image-ability,Cognitive Maps,Traditional Houses of Tabriz,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {233-241}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1100-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1100-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Akbari, M.}, title = {Applying Kodas Technique to Measure Urban Infrastructure in Metropolises of Iran}, abstract ={Aims: Due to the rapid expansion of urban areas, the lack of urban infrastructure in the country's metropolises is strongly felt. This infrastructure, in parallel with urban development, is vital for improving the quality of life in the country's metropolises. The present study was conducted using the CODAS multi-indicator technique with the aim of analyzing indicators related to urban infrastructure in Iranian metropolises. Methodology: The present analytical-comparative study was conducted using the information obtained through the statistics of Tehran in 2019. 10 metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah and Hamedan, Rasht, Zahedan, and Kerman to study the indicators of the number of health services under the supervision of the municipality, the number of indoor sports facilities, the number of fire stations, the number of firefighters, the number of firefighting operations Fire, number of operated metro stations, the total number of parks, number of urban and forest parks, number of open parking lots and multi-story car parks owned by the municipality, number of simple and mechanized overpass bridges, number of open sports spaces, number of fuel stations CNG, owned by the municipality and the private sector, selected a number of permanent and temporary fruit and vegetable markets. Using Excel software, the weights of the indices were analyzed through the Shannon entropy model and used in the CODAS decision technique. Findings: The highest Euclidean distance belonged to the Tehran metropolis (0.242) and the lowest Euclidean distance belonged to the Zahedan metropolis (0.009). According to the amount of h_ik obtained from THE CODAS technique, metropolises of Tehran (9.254), Mashhad (0.297), Isfahan (0.198), Shiraz (-0.131), Qom (-0.771), Hamedan (-1.555), Kermanshah (-1.960), Kerman (-2.143), Rasht (-2.199), and Zahedan (-2.496) were ranked first to tenth, respectively. The results showed that the Tehran metropolis was far away 8.957, 9.056, 9.385, 10.025, 11.214, 11.453, 10.809, 11.75, and 11.397 scores compared to Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah, Rasht, Hamedan, Zahedan, and Kerman were, respectively. Conclusion: The difference in scores obtained from the CODAS technique indicates the inequality of the studied metropolises in the amount of urban infrastructure in them.}, Keywords = {Urban Infrastructure,CODAS Technique,Metropolises of Iran,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {243-252}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1077-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1077-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimnejad, M.R. and SheikhAl-Islami, A. and MalekHosseini, A.}, title = {Evaluation Pattern of Development Stimulus Projects in Regenerating Urban Worn-Texture}, abstract ={Aims: Urban regeneration seeks to solve the problems of neighborhood erosion through the improvement of worn and damaged areas. In the meantime, stimulus projects and development of urban regeneration are productive in order to restore prosperity and development to the desired areas to launch a cycle of lively and dynamic activity in these areas. The purpose of this study was to provide a model for evaluating development stimulus projects in urban regeneration. Methodology: This applied qualitative research was conducted in 2020. Using a review of documents (articles, books, interviews, and lectures) related to development stimulus projects in the reconstruction of the dilapidated urban fabric in Persian in Iran, 2 documents were reviewed. The method of data analysis was qualitative analysis using content analysis and category coding. Findings: The results of category categorization showed that the evaluation model of development stimulus projects had 5 dimensions including social, economic, physical, environmental, and sustainability dimensions. These dimensions consisted of several components, each of which corresponded to the needs of the inhabitants of the worn-out tissue and in line with the regeneration strategies of these tissues. Conclusion: Development stimulus projects as a platform for social and economic functions promote socio-economic status in these contexts and increase the motivation to participate in the process of improvement and modernization in the local community and cause a desire in the sector. Private investments in tissue. In this way, it is necessary to use small-scale projects of job creation, participation of capital residents, the prosperity of small-scale activities, index, and multi-purpose and hybrid uses.}, Keywords = {Urban Regeneration,Worn Texture,Development Stimulus Project,Small Scale Projects,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {253-261}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1053-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1053-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kazemian, Gh. and AliAkbari, E. and Taleshi, M. and HadadHasanabadi, M.}, title = {Constructive Dynamisms of Large-Scale Urban Projects by the Space Political Economy Approach; a Case Study of Mashhad Metropolis}, abstract ={Aims: The development of large-scale construction projects has transformed the shape of cities towards specific objectives and based on economic and political perspectives that dominate policy-making and planning in cities. The purpose of the research was to study and analyze the spatiality of Mashhad construction mega-projects and to explain the constructive forces and dynamisms of these projects in the framework of the political economy of space approach. Methodology: The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2020 in Mashhad. Constructive dynamisms of 164 large-scale urban projects were identified and classified based on theoretical perspectives and through the Delphi technique based on the opinions of 50 elites and subject matter experts, and the model was presented. To test the five-factor model using structural equation modeling, the relationships between variables and generalization of results were discussed. Data were analyzed using SPSS26 and smartpls 3 software and confirmatory factor analysis test. Findings: Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the model had an acceptable fit with the data. At the transnational level, the Policy-Management and Programs factor with a factor-load (0.745), at the national-regional level, the institutional-organizational factor with a factor-load (0.802) and at the local level, the economic-political factor with a factor-load (0.772). They are important in the first place. The model had validity and reliability. Conclusion: The results of research analysis based on the philosophy of creating construction mega-projects in Mashhad within the framework of five identified and consolidated factors indicate the role of drivers of policy dynamisms at the transnational level, institutional-organizational forces at the national-regional level and economic and political forces at the local level.}, Keywords = {Political Economy of Space,Urban Mega Project,Political Economy of Mashhad Metropolis,Confirmatory Factor Analysis,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {263-274}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1055-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1055-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {MolaAghajanzadeh, S. and Soleymani, K. and Habibnejad, M. and Kavyan, A. and Rahmani, M.}, title = {Application of Remote Sensing in Assessing Land Use Changes in Haraz Watershed}, abstract ={Aims: Land-use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. The aim of this study was to detect land-use changes using Landsat TM, ETM+, IRS and ASTER satellite imagery. Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study, land-use changes in the Haraz watershed over a 23-year period were evaluated. For this study, images of 1992 TM, ETM + 2002, and IRS and 2015 ASTER of Landsat satellite were used, and after performing the necessary actions in the preprocessing stage, a supervised classification and change detection map was prepared. Idrisi Andes, ArcGIS, ENVI, Edrisi Andes, and Statistica software were used. Also, to check the significance of the changes, the chi-square test was used in SPSS software. Findings: The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 0.84 and 0.79 for TM, 0.86 and 0.80 for ETM+, and 0.95 and 0.90 for IRS results respectively. The results showed that rangelands, forest, agricultural lands, and water-covered areas had converted to garden regions, building zone, and no vegetation. The results showed that 2.21%, 1.29%, and 7.01% increased in garden regions, building zone and no vegetation and 5.06%, 4.50% and 0.85% decreased in rangelands, forest, and agricultural lands during 23 years, also water-covered areas decreased. Conclusion: The land use classes in the Haraz watershed have changed a lot during the time series 1992-2015. During this period, the area of natural lands (forests and pastures) with a rate of change of about 828 hectares per year and the same amount has been added to the area of the garden and residential lands.}, Keywords = {Change Detection,Land Use,Remote Sensing,Supervised Classification,Haraz Watershed,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {275-284}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-981-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-981-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Jahanshir, A.}, title = {Theoretical Optimization of Troposphere Ionization Exchange Points to Reduce the Concentration of Fine Dust in Ahvaz City, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: The dust crisis and the numerous problems caused by it, which have affected most of the Western and Southwestern regions of Iran in recent years, need an appropriate and cost-effective solution to improve living and respiratory conditions without adverse human or environmental effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the location of injection technology equipment to reduce the concentration of fine dust in Ahvaz City, Iran. Methodology: This theoretical study was performed based on the results of previous experimental data on the effect of atmospheric ionization in a radius of about 100km from the center of Ahvaz City, Iran. In this theoretical study, the effective exchange points of electromagnetic fields were redirected in the covered area based on satellite data and electric field information of the earth's surface and troposphere. For this purpose, a triple combination of quasi-experimental method of latitude ionosphere model, Lagrangian distribution model and atmospheric chemical arithmetic model was used. Mathworks Matlab R2020b and Envi 5.3 software were used for processing. Findings: According to theoretical calculations and change of atmospheric parameters by applying location corrections, the concentration of fine dust in dust conditions less than 700 micrograms per cubic meter can be reduced by 5-11% and in dust conditions above 700 micrograms per cubic meter by about 21-3%. Precipitation can also increase by 3-13%. Conclusion: Dynamic location of troposphere ionization equipment can reduce the concentration of fine dust by 3 to 21% and increase precipitation by 5 to 11% in Ahvaz based on theoretical calculations.}, Keywords = {Atmosphere Ionization,Dynamic Locating,Climate Change,Dust Crisis,Precipitation,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {285-290}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1080-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1080-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {RezaeiAnvar, M. and Ashtiyani, R. and Jahani, A.}, title = {Assessment of Urban Spaces Based on the Principles of Passive Defense; Case Study of Enghelab Square Area, Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: Reducing the city's vulnerability in times of crisis and emergencies is part of the urban design mission. Hence, passive defense measures have been developed to reduce the vulnerability of cities in times of crisis. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting passive defense in the performance of urban spaces in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran. Methodology: This research was based on an evidence-based design method in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran in 2020. So, first case samples and previous research were reviewed and then vulnerability indicators were extracted. Then, these indicators were weighed against each other using the AHP method and using the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning, urban management, and passive defense, and the importance of each to the other was determined. The weight of each element was applied in the relevant layers in the spatial system and with GIS 10.8 software, vulnerability zoning was performed for each of the main indicators. Findings: In the Enqelab square area, the indicators of vulnerability were: vital arteries (water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, and fuel station), physical structure (building density, texture, and width of passages), relief centers (hospital and fire department), access network, and Transportation (metro, bus, and traffic volume), at-risk population (population density), concentration of activities (educational and cultural, commercial-administrative, cinema, mosque, and church), and political-security centers (military centers, judiciary centers, Embassy, and Justice) In the vulnerability assessment matrix of the study area, it was determined that injuries such as fire, difficulty in providing assistance in times of crisis and traffic problems in all of these indicators, and finally, the final vulnerability map of the area was obtained. Conclusion: Based on the considerations and principles of passive defense, the vulnerability of the study area increases in a crisis situation.}, Keywords = {Urban Public Spaces,Urban Design,Passive Defense,Security,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {291-303}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1125-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1125-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Torkameh, A. and Hafeznia, M. and Roumina, E. and Ahmadipour, Z.}, title = {An Ontological Critique of Critical Geopolitics in Gearóid Ó Tuathail and Simon Dalby}, abstract ={Introduction: Philosophical research in the study of political geography in Iran is very limited. Among the existing cases, we encounter a kind of theoretical confusion that results from a lack of sufficient scientific and philosophical accuracy. Therefore, this study seeks to address the critical philosophical geopolitical critique in the writings of Ó Tuathail and Dalby by pointing out the necessity of conducting philosophical research in the field of geography and enumerating some of the negative consequences of this fundamental neglect. The whole focus of critical geopolitics is on the field of epistemology; As if ontology could exist independently of ontology. As a result, it cannot offer a cognitive and theoretical approach to geography and erroneously pretends that science and objectivity are possible only in a positivist form. Ignoring the importance of ontology has made critical geopolitics unable to offer a liberating approach, contrary to its claims. This is why we encounter widespread confusion in the cognitive debates of Ó Tuathail and Dalby. The present study is a kind of fundamental-theoretical research that tries to answer the proposed questions by using the method of logical analysis and library resources. The alternative theoretical basis is derived from Bhaskar’s philosophy of science as critical realism. Conclusion: Critical geopolitical ontology is a kind of human-centered, idealistic, and therefore subjectivist ontology that reduces the whole of reality to discourse and thus lacks a layered philosophical approach and cannot interact with the non-discourse and structural layers of reality and, more importantly, with reality. Explain discourse and non-discourse). Because of this flat ontology, critical geopolitics cannot discern the mental and objective layers of geopolitical reality and their dialectical relationship. As a result, theorizing is reduced to a mere critique that preoccupies the subject before recognizing the subject.}, Keywords = {Critical Geopolitics, Critical Realism, Ontology, Philosophy of Science, Political Geography, Space-Time}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {305-311}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1065-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1065-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aghakhani, S. and Haghparast, F. and Asefi, M.}, title = {Environmental Effects of Concrete, Brick and Wood Usage in Construction on Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions; Case Study of Northwestern Iran}, abstract ={Aims: Increasing consumption of the earth's primary resources (materials and energy) in addition to the production of environmental and atmospheric pollutants (especially CO2), poses a serious threat to sustainable human life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using concrete, brick and wood in traditional construction in northwestern Iran on energy consumption and carbon emissions. Methodology: This quantitative experimental study was conducted during 2015-2020 in two provinces of West- and East Azerbaijan (northwest of Iran). Concrete, brick and wood were selected as the materials studied. For each of the selected materials, 3 factories were selected. Preliminary information on the number of employees, gas input and electricity consumption was obtained from the HSE center of each plant. Data obtained from the survey of industrial units, quantities related to the amount of electricity consumption, the amount of gas consumption, the amount of manpower employed in the production line and in the transportation sector and the amount of diesel fuel used in rail and road transport. Using Revit software for modeling and Energyplus for energy analysis, the average of different industrial units was calculated for each material. Daily energy consumption of manpower was determined according to BMR and PAL according to the type of activity, height and weight dimensions and age. Findings: The average consumption of electrical energy to produce each ton of cement was 110kw.h, each ton of brick was 35kw.h and each ton of wood was 900kw.h. The total latent energy for the production of each ton of ready-mixed concrete was 559290kw and released 92t of CO2, each ton of produced brick was 283220kw and released 47.5t of CO2 and each ton of timber produced was 7213kw and the released 675kg of CO2. Conclusion: Despite the long distances due to the lack of gas in the production line, wood is the greenest material and concrete is the most polluting material due to the high dependence of the production line on gas consumption.}, Keywords = {Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, Azerbaijan, Life Cycle Assessment, Sustainability}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {313-321}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1082-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1082-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {KamranDastjerdi, H.}, title = {City and Urbanism in Political Geography}, abstract ={Introduction: Urban politics is one of the fields of study that has attracted the attention of political geographers since the '60s and since the mid-90s, the emergence of specialized approaches such as urban political geography and urban geopolitics has entered the field of political geography and geographers. They have provided expert opinions and views in this field. Siri in the thought of famous philosophers shows the early attention of the city to politics. They studied the city as a political society, where human potential nature could be actualized and perfected. Therefore, the study of the city in time periods has been more focused on politics and political planning; because the city was considered the place and bed of human growth. In this review study, the political, economic and cultural issues of the city and urbanism in political geography at the micro level were studied. Conclusion: The study of the relationship between politics and urban space is very important in the development of political geography and the study of political geographers. From the point of view of political geographers, the city and the citizen as the main actors are changing the scope of power and sovereignty of countries in the world. In fact, developed countries are the hosts of global cities. Today, the most key decisions are made in the political, economic, and cultural dimensions on an urban scale; that is, where power is concentrated and ultimately finds its way into the changing structures of world economics and politics.}, Keywords = {City,Political Geographers,Space,Politics,Power,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {323-331}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1060-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1060-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Lashgari, E.}, title = {Understanding the Epistemological Consequences of Governmentality Concept in Cultural Geography}, abstract ={Introduction: The concept of governmentality was first proposed by Michel Foucault in 1978; Includes the study of techniques, processes, and approaches in which governments control all aspects of citizens' lives. The formulation of this concept in the humanities and social sciences, including cultural geography, has epistemological consequences which have changed cultural geography's position among other branches of human geography. This article attempted to rely on the interpretive method and within the framework of governmentality, concepts were explored the epistemological consequences of this concept in cultural geography. Conclusion: The research findings indicate that in the context of governmentality; Genealogy becomes an important tool in recognizing the cultural geography symbols and processes. However, the genealogy of political power is not possible without considering the political economy paleontology and as result, discontinuity is part of political economy nature. Hence the epistemology of cultural geography leads to relativism. On this basis, none of the characteristics such as nature, necessity, totality, and eternity like natural laws and the real perceptions attached to it do apply to relative phenomena in cultural geography. At the same time, recognizing the ideal processes and symbols that seek criticism and replacement with the existing culture is important. Hence, in cultural geography influenced by governmentality, it is considered important to study the marginalized social class.}, Keywords = {Epistemology,Governmentality,Genealogy,Cultural Geography,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {333-340}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1083-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1083-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Safari, K. and AbdollahzadehTaraf, A. and Moosavi, M.S. and FaramarziAsl, M.}, title = {Using Spatial Justice in Spatial Distribution of Health Services in Iranian-Islamic Cities; Case Study of Urmia}, abstract ={Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of health services, the extent of access of citizens and vulnerable groups to health services as a case study in the city of Urmia. Methodology: The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2020 in Urmia, Iran. The required data were obtained from the latest statistics related to the 2016 census and land use information collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2020. Inequalities in access to health care for citizens and vulnerable groups were analyzed using the MABAK technique. ArcGIS 10.3 software was used. Findings: About 34% of the population of Urmia was not covered by medical services and also about one year of the population was not covered by medical services. In general, among the affected groups, the elderly, immigrants and the unemployed have the best access to medical services, respectively, and also children, illiterates, and women are in a worse situation than other groups. Also, the central areas of Urmia were at the "privileged" level in terms of access to health services for all residents and vulnerable groups, and the level of access to health services for residents of suburban areas, who often live in Zone 2, was better than residents of the most affluent areas who often live in Zone 1. Conclusion: Medical services should be located in Urmia in such a way that all citizens, especially vulnerable groups, can easily use them. As a result, in order to increase the access of citizens and vulnerable groups to health services, it seems necessary to pay attention to the proper distribution of these services throughout the city and also in relation to the distribution of population and its density.}, Keywords = {Spatial Justice,Health Services,Islamic Iranian City,Urmia City,}, volume = {36}, Number = {3}, pages = {341-355}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1111-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1111-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Galoie, M. and Motamedi, A.}, title = {Optimization of Export Coefficient Model Based on Precipitation and Terrain Impact Factors}, abstract ={Aims: Very serious studies have been carried out on the Chinese Tibetan Plateau due to the high level of erosion in this region all over the world. Changes in soil nitrogen and phosphorus parameters are followed by estimating soil erosion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two parameters of basin topography coefficient and precipitation distribution on pollution load transfer using an experimental transfer coefficient model. Methodology: In this study, which was conducted in 2019, a part of the Tibetan Plateau was selected where proven data on agricultural pollution such as nitrogen and phosphorus were available. This study was part of an integrated water resources management project conducted jointly between Iran and China. The results of estimating the estimated non-point pollution by the experimental model of transfer coefficient and the optimized model by applying alpha and beta coefficients were evaluated with the measured data. These two coefficients are among the key parameters in non-point modeling of pollution because they cause the role of land features and the non-uniformity of precipitation in the model to be considered. Findings: Analysis of the Export Coefficient Model outputs together with the modified Export Coefficient Model outputs and comparing the results with observed data showed that the application of alpha and beta coefficients was very effective to increase the accuracy of the model. The relative error between amount of nitrogen which was estimated by the modified Export Coefficient Model and the measured values was reduced comparing to the results of Export Coefficient Model without using the coefficient: for station 1, 12% and 34% in 2007 respectively; and 18% and 20% in 2015 respectively; for station 2, 16% and 30% in 2007 respectively; and 21% and 34% in 2015 respectively. Conclusion: This study illustrated that the modified Export Coefficient Model could provide more accurate results in comparison with the Export Coefficient Model and would be useful in decision making and planning processes in large-scale agricultural watersheds in which, pesticides are the most important pollution sources for surface and sub-surface water.}, Keywords = {Export Coefficient Model, Non-Point Pollution, Precipitation Impact Factor, Terrain Impact Factor}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {337-346}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1105-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1105-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aliakbari, E. and Amirian, S. and Hosseini, M.}, title = {Role of Government in the Peri-Urban Development; a Case Study of Sanandaj, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: It is not clear what the mechanism of government intervention in the process of urban development has been, which has provided the grounds for the activation of other mercenary forces and has left the following undesirable consequences. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explain the role of government in the development of the suburban area from the perspective of the pathology of its maps and tasks. Methodology: The present descriptive study was conducted in 2020 in Sanandaj. Using a Mixed method, the research data are divided into three main axes: "Survey data based on interviews with 14 experts", "Field data from settlements in the suburbs of Sanandaj" and "Documentary data extracted from the documents of the peri-urban settlements of Sanandaj" over 40 years (1976-2016). Data were analyzed using Holdern's methods, Shannon entropy, and comparative-comparative methods. Thematic maps were generated in GIS 10. Pearson correlation test was also used in SPSS 20 software. Findings: The results showed that in the period 1976-2016, the city of Sanandaj always moved towards scattered manner that this type of development often occurred in urban peripheral. The reasons for the inefficiency of the government in the development of the suburban area were identified in the form of 32 concepts, 29 sub-categories, and 5 main categories. Conclusion: Government interventions in the suburbs have two negative and positive aspects that in Sanandaj, both areas are inefficient. Therefore, in each of the axes discussed in this study, it is necessary to review and amend the duties of the government in the form of laws, regulations, urban development plans, and methods of urban management and land management.}, Keywords = {Peripheral Urban, Government, Political Economy of Space, Sanandaj City}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {347-362}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1120-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1120-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Heydari, R. and Aliakbari, E. and Pourahmad, A.}, title = {Spatial reflections of large cities in the process of transition to a metropolis (Case study: Rasht city)}, abstract ={Aims: The city as a living and dynamic creature during its life, has undergone changes and transformations and gives its growth and development in different directions and dimensions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the spatial reflections of the dynamics of large cities in the process of transition to metropolitan areas. Methodology: The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2019. The required information about the city of Rasht was collected using documentary methods and satellite images. Land use maps and land cover of Rasht city were created in four classes and the process of land use system changes was dealt with, and then the scattering of Rasht city was calculated by using spatial metrics in both class and landscape levels. FRAGSTATS 4.2 and ENVI 5 software were used. Findings: The present study showed that the spatial reflections of Rasht in the process of transition to the metropolitan area include changes in land use system and land cover (increasing urban land use levels over a period of 26 years (1993-2019) from 4915 hectares to 9960 hectares and in contrast to agricultural cover, rice fields, and areas Forest), urban dispersion and horizontal growth of the city (103% increase in urban areas and vulnerability and rupture of agricultural lands and paddy fields), imbalance in the spatial organization of the network and urban hierarchy, service, and expansion of the foundations of Rasht service economy. Conclusion: The city of Rasht has experienced several spatial reflections in the process of transition to a metropolis and has undergone fundamental changes in its spatial-physical boundaries and the instability of land cover resources and instability. Therefore, controlling changes and managing the physical growth of the city is very important to stabilize the growth of the city.}, Keywords = {Spatial Reflections, Large Cities Dynamics, Metropolis, Rasht City}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {363-371}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1127-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1127-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Payedar, M. and Afshary, M. and Aminpoor, A.}, title = {Representation and Typology of the Identity Components of Lonban Neighborhood of Isfahan City, Iran, in the Qajar Era}, abstract ={Aims: As life accelerates and consequently changes in phenomena, the identity of individuals and cities is an issue that is widely considered, because it will be a sign of originality and civilization. The purpose of this study was to represent and typologically identify the components of Lonban neighborhood for application to the disorders of modern physical changes. Methodology: This phenomenological study was conducted in 1397 in the Lonban neighborhood of Isfahan. By referring to written sources, the sources related to the Qajar period were evaluated and identified in terms of having information about the mentioned situation. After collecting the data, tables based on the locating scale were identified and distributed to them with analyzes such as content coding. Finally, after categorization, the data were typified. Findings: In order to identify and typologically identify the components of neighborhoods, for the first time, the impact of the identified components on observers in terms of the level of perception was addressed in three scales: urban, inter-neighborhood and local. In the second typology, the components found in historical sources were divided into three categories of natural elements, artificial elements, and social and human elements. Conclusion: Comparison and analysis of the species found with each other and with each other species indicate that the effect of components derived from environmental capabilities at all scales had a greater impact on the identity of the neighborhood and contrary to expectations, the impact of environmental identity components on the intra-neighborhood scale Many of the components of identity have been greater than the capabilities of resident interactions.}, Keywords = {History of the City, Components of Identity, Lonban Neighborhood, Historical Geography of Isfahan, Qajar}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {373-381}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1086-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1086-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Firoozi, M.A. and Pourahmad, A. and Sajadian, M.}, title = {Ranking and relative comparison of Ahvaz metropolitan regions in terms of urban smart growth available indicators}, abstract ={Aims: Smart urban growth is a holistic pattern, which tries to guide the growth of cities with the least negative consequences. The present study was conducted to assess the current situation of the metropolis of Ahvaz in terms of appropriateness to urban smart growth available indicators. Methodology: The present research is an applied type with a quantitative-analytical approach that has been done in 2021 in the Ahvaz metropolis. The data relating to 54 indicators of smart urban growth in the scale of these regions and in the framework of 4 criteria physical - land use, socioeconomic, access - transportation, and environment using a combination Shapiro-Wilks and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and single-sample t; Index of dispersion and Vicor method were also analyzed. Findings: Ahvaz has not had smart and there are differences between regions as well as indicators in this metropolis. In relation to the appropriateness of Ahwaz metropolitan areas with the indicators of smart urban growth, in the physical index, the first 7th region and the last 8th region; In the socio-economic index, zone 2 first and zone 6 last; In the access-transportation index, the first zone 4 and the last zone 6; In the environmental index, zone 4 is the first and zone 6 is the last, and in the integrated index, zone 4 is the first and zone 6 is the last. the situation of environmental criteria is more inappropriate than other criteria. However, other criteria are not in a good position. Conclusion: Among the metropolitan regions of Ahvaz, region 6, and among the indicators of smart urban growth, the environmental index has the most unfavorable situation. Also, the access-transportation index will have the greatest effect on reducing the distance between regions, so improving these three is a priority.}, Keywords = {Ahvaz, Ranking, Vickor Method, Urban Smart Growth Indicator}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {383-390}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1122-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1122-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Safari, K. and AbdollahzadehTaraf, A. and Moosavi, MS. and FaramarziAsl, M.}, title = {Spatial Justice Analysis on the Access of Vulnerable Groups to Neighborhood Parks in Urmia}, abstract ={Aims: Neighborhood parks are among the urban green spaces that, due to the psychological pressures of the residents of the neighborhoods, always play an active role in invigorating urban neighborhoods and creating a fun urban life, and from a social justice perspective, should be accessible to all members of society. The aim of this study was to investigate the access of vulnerable groups to neighborhood parks. Methodology: The present descriptive study was conducted in 2020 with the study of the spatial and spatial distribution of parks and local green spaces in Urmia. By face-to-face reference, land use information was collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2020, and detailed results of the general population and housing census of 2016 in Urmia were collected. The required data was entered into ARCGIS10.3 software. The spatial and spatial distribution of neighborhood parks in the city of Urmia was studied and the methods of the center and standard deviation elliptical distribution (the average center of neighborhood parks and how to stretch their distribution), the nearest neighborhood index (to determine Neighborhood parks distribution model) and kernel density estimation model (to determine the density of neighborhood parks) were used in ArcGIS 10.3 software. In the final stage, using the Mabak model, the 15 districts of Urmia were ranked in terms of vulnerable groups having neighborhood parks. Findings: About 37% of the population of vulnerable groups in Urmia were covered by neighborhood parks and among vulnerable groups, about 44% of the elderly population had good access to neighborhood parks. In general, among the vulnerable groups in Urmia, the elderly, unemployed, and women with the best conditions, as well as immigrants, children, and illiterates were in a worse situation than other groups, respectively. In addition, the distribution of neighborhood parks in Urmia was clustered and the focus shifted to the eastern (new texture) and central (old texture) areas. The results of the Mabak ranking showed that District 1 of Region 1 (score: 0.672997) had the first rank of its vulnerable groups in neighborhood parks and District 3 of Region 2 (score: -0.327) also had the last rank of having. Conclusion: In the city of Urmia, the per capita local green space is low, and at the same time, the improper distribution of neighborhood parks so that many people in the community, especially vulnerable groups do not have proper access to these services.}, Keywords = {Spatial Justice, Neighborhood Parks, Vulnerable Groups, Urmia}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {391-406}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1161-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1161-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {MirheydarTuran, S. and Ostadi, M. and MohamadNiayeQaraee, F. and Ehsaee, A.}, title = {A New Approach to the Analysis of Visual-Perception Illusion on the Spatial Layout of Urban Elements}, abstract ={Aims: Visual illusions are the most common perceptual illusions, but in urban literature are less addressed. Therefore, the present study seeks to achieve a new approach to analyzing the visual illusion in the layout of urban space elements. Methodology: This research was conducted in 2021 and included scientific-research articles in the field of visual error perception during the years 2000-2020. In this meta-method analysis, all Google ScienceDirect, research gate, and GoogleScholar were examined for classification into research data. 30 related articles were chosen. Design based on meta-method analysis, for perceiving the mechanism of visual error perception in the arrangement of urban elements and locating the focal point in the city, visual error "change the size-distance of urban landscapes", as a developmental and experimental method, in a sample of urban space with focal point and background Visually modeled using SketchUp 2017 software. Findings: The main components of the methodology of the visual illusion studies were determined by using the metamethod combined method. Based on this methodology, a specific Visual illusion of the change of the size in 3d urban space and Landolt C visual acuity chart was modeled by using SketchUp software. The specific nature of this visual illusion was characterized, and the ability of the SketchUp software and the visual acuity chart of Landolt C in the analysis of the Visual illusion was determined.  Conclusion: A Turning and design point, namely point M, was presented By modeling the size perception illusion. Hence the focal point of urban space with comparison its background before and after point M is perceived differently. This point and its specific illusion create a specific potential for planning the urban spatial system and the dominance of focal points in specific tourism and memorial corridors.}, Keywords = {Optometry Chart,Spatial Layout,Visual Illusion,Metamethod,}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {407-417}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1088-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1088-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nahid, M. and ZandMoghaddam, MR. and Karkeabadi, Z.}, title = {Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Systems using Flood Management Model; Case Study of District 4 of Tehran}, abstract ={Aims: Urban runoff and flood damage is one of the most important and fundamental issues in the field of urban management, which in recent decades has been strongly affected by the rapid growth of cities and increasing urbanization. Today, to show these processes, in the design and evaluation of urban drainage network system, the use of existing computer models has a special place to simulate the flow. The purpose of this study is to use the SWMM model to quantitatively simulate rainfall floods for District 4 of Tehran. Methodology: In this research, using the capabilities of SWMM model for region 4 of Tehran, according to environmental factors, two plans of the best management strategies (BMP) under the garden and green roof climate scenario and a combination of both scenarios for maximum control Runoff has been done quantitatively and finally their efficiency in reducing the total volume of runoff out of the basin has been investigated. Findings: The results of sensitivity analysis of the model showed that among the seven parameters studied in this study, the amount of CN, the percentage of impermeable areas, the roughness coefficient in impermeable areas and the equivalent width had a greater effect on peak flow change, respectively. According to the obtained results, the third scenario (simultaneous combination of the first and second scenarios) will have the greatest impact on reducing the flow depth and flow rate in the entire surface water collection network. Conclusion: Considering the depth factor, in a total of four modes of model implementation, the third scenario has the most impact on Tehranpars channel (output 7) and the least impact on Yakhsaran channel (output 3) and if we consider the peak discharge factor for evaluation In general, the third scenario has the most impact on Tehranpars channel (output 7) and the second scenario has the least impact on output 4.}, Keywords = {Urban Flood,Storm Water Management Model,Garden Atmosphere,Green Roof,District 4 of Tehran City,}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {419-428}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1141-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1141-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Pourksamaei, M. and Pouryousefi, H. and Khademian, A.}, title = {Resilience Model of Rural Women after the Earthquake in Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: The study of women's resilience as a vulnerable group in society can explain some of the problems and consequences before and after a disaster on the socio-cultural, economic, psychological status of vulnerable people, especially women. This study aimed to prepare the resilience model of rural women in Sarpol-e Zahab after the earthquake on October 13, 2017. Methodology: This descriptive-analytical research was carried out by the qualitative-quantitative method from April to March 2020. In the qualitative phase, the research tool was interviews with experts. Sampling was conducted by the theoretical methodology (n=27). The relevant indicators and sub-indicators were coded to prepare the questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, the research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha. The sample size was 382 according to Cochran's formula. Findings: Interaction with others, adaptation to the environment, social participation and bonds, and patience in the face of adversity have been the characteristics of resilient women. 52.3, 33.6, and 4.6% of respondent women had low, medium, and high resilience. Economic, socio-cultural, individual, and structural-physical dimensions were recognized as effective factors on women's resilience by receiving 67, 62, 52, and 48% of experts' votes, respectively. According to the affective dimensions, 49 items were introduced as obstacles to resilience. Lack of income, technical skills, women's education, and government support for women and gender discrimination were the considerable obstacles for women's resilience, respectively. Conclusion: The resilience pattern of rural women in Sarpol-e Zahab after the earthquake of November 12, 2017, is affected by economic, structural-physical, social-cultural, and individual dimensions and related items.}, Keywords = {Earthquake,Resilience,Women,Sarpol-e Zahab,Rural,}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {429-436}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1250-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1250-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yazdani, S. and Fattahizadeh, F. and Sheikholeslami, A. and Etemad, G.}, title = {Presenting a Model of Sustainable Urban Regeneration in Historical Contexts with an Integrated Approach (Case Study: Darvazeh Rey Neighborhood and Qom Bazaar Area}, abstract ={Aims: Since the historical context of Qom has valuable historical elements, high tourism capacity and a history of important social, cultural-religious and economic activities, it is necessary to pay attention to these contexts as one of the important components of the city. The purpose of this study was to provide solutions to achieve efficient and sustainable regeneration in order to improve social status and economic functions in Darvazeh Rey and Qom Bazaar. Methodology: In this descriptive-analytical study conducted in 2021, 20 specialists and experts active in the field of urban regeneration in the Qom urban management system participated. This number included 10 experts selected for the interview and another 10 experts selected to answer the questionnaire. The method of determining the sample size was the adequacy of the number of samples and the saturation of the interviewees. Data analysis was exploratory using content analysis and category coding and factor analysis. Findings: The results obtained from exploratory factor analysis, which were valid with the final classification and output of qualitative analysis, and each of the coefficients or factor loads, indicated that 5 factors for sustainable and integrated regeneration of Gate neighborhoods and market area. It should be considered as a key component. These five factors included reforming the management system, paying attention to broad public participation, cross-sectoral coordination, demand-driven policies, and the use of specialized personnel. Conclusion: The results of the study of Darvazeh Rey and Qom Bazaar neighborhoods indicate that the lack of an integrated view has caused many components of urban deterioration and deterioration on the plans and actions of regeneration and the residents of these neighborhoods over time from the planning stage. And policy-making; Therefore, the most important step to achieve sustainable regeneration in these contexts is an integrated and comprehensive action that can play an important role in the success of plans, programs and projects to rehabilitate dilapidated urban fabric.}, Keywords = {Urban Renovation,City Sustainability,Sustainable Urban Reconstruction,Integrated Measures,Darvazeh Rey Neighborhoods,Qom New Bazaar,}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {437-446}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1181-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1181-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, B.}, title = {Analysis of the Role of Different Functional Nuclei on the Spatial Structure of Karaj Metropolis}, abstract ={Aims: This study examines the constituent elements of the spatial structure of Karaj metropolis and its relationship with the distribution of the population of this city. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of functional nuclei in the equilibrium or imbalance of the spatial structure of Karaj. Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and applied. The study area was the metropolis of Karaj and its 12 districts. The statistical population of the study was the population of Karaj metropolis. To analyze demographic data and activity dispersion, kernel density and spatial statistics methods including hot and cold spot analysis, general and local Moran analysis, and standard elliptic deviation analysis were used. Findings: The research findings show that the population density is somewhat uniform and, in many areas, and neighborhoods of the city is clustered. While the pattern of dispersion of functional nuclei including administrative, recreational, commercial, public and industrial centers is random and is not dispersed in proportion to the distribution of the population. Conclusion: The results of analyzing the different dimensions of the spatial structure of Karaj metropolis showed that the patterns of activity distribution are shifting from the centers of primary nuclei to busy and linear centers by changing the spatial relationships and the composition of uses changes in favor of functional nuclei (activity and service centers). has done. This factor has caused a lack of balanced and uniform distribution of urban facilities and services and has upset the balance of the spatial structure.}, Keywords = {Urban Spatial Structure,Single-Core Urban Structure,Multi-Core Urban Structure,Balanced Spatial Structure,Karaj Metropolis,}, volume = {36}, Number = {4}, pages = {447-458}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, url = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1234-en.html}, eprint = {http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1234-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographical Researches}, issn = {1019-7052}, eissn = {2538-4384}, year = {2021} }