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Volume 39, Issue 4 (2024)
GeoRes 2024, 39(4): 419-431 |
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Research code: ART-1666
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Received: 2024/11/15 | Accepted: 2024/12/15 | Published: 2024/12/18
Received: 2024/11/15 | Accepted: 2024/12/15 | Published: 2024/12/18
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HasaniPour H, Kazemi A, Saghafi Asl A. Environmental Quality Indicators of Urban Open Spaces in Bagherabad Neighborhood of Rasht, Iran. GeoRes 2024; 39 (4) :419-431
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1- Urban Development Group, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2- Urban Development Group, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Ramsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ramsar, Iran
2- Urban Development Group, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Ramsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ramsar, Iran
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Background
Urbanization, as one of the most significant human-driven factors influencing terrestrial changes, has experienced remarkable growth since the second half of the 20th century, particularly in developing countries. This rapid expansion, if not accompanied by appropriate planning, can have numerous adverse effects on the environmental and social conditions of cities. In this context, urban open spaces play a crucial role in ensuring urban sustainability, and their environmental quality as a multidimensional and location-dependent factor has increasingly attracted attention for its contribution to enhancing residents’ well-being, satisfaction, and sustainable urban development.
Previous Studies
Previous studies have addressed various aspects of the environmental quality of urban open spaces. Initially viewed from an economic perspective, this concept expanded to include social and environmental dimensions following the rise of postmodern critiques in the 1960s (D’Alpaos & Andreolli, 2020). The adoption of objective-subjective approaches further enriched the concept by emphasizing individual perceptions, values, and interpretations (Fang et al., 2021; Mouratidis, 2021). Researchers have since identified objective and subjective indicators to integrate into urban planning (Fathi et al., 2020; Ayala-Azcarraga et al., 2023; Benabbou & Lee, 2019) and explored their links with personal, spatial, and social factors (Ramon et al., 2023; Carmona, 2019). Mouratidis (2018) highlights neighborhood-level factors, while Ayala-Azcarraga et al. (2019) focuses on the connection between urban park quality and subjective well-being. In Iran, Karimi et al. (2022) have emphasized the role of green elements in improving environmental quality. Additionally, mixed-method approaches have been increasingly applied, particularly in developing contexts such as Iran (Coventry et al., 2019; Acun & Yilmazer, 2019; Karimi et al., 2022)
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to identify the indicators of environmental quality for urban open spaces based on a review of the relevant literature and to propose a framework for assessing these indicators in the Baqerabad neighborhood of Rasht. The ultimate goal was to provide a practical foundation for urban designers, planners, and policymakers
Research Type
This research employed a descriptive-comparative approach and was conducted in two phases of document content analysis and field survey
Research Society, Place, and Time
The statistical population consisted of all residents of the Baqerabad neighborhood in Rasht, and the study was conducted in this neighborhood in 2024.
Sampling Method and Number
According to Klein (1974), the sample size should be at least 200. To ensure greater reliability, 224 individuals were randomly selected
Used Devices & Materials
In this study, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect were used as information sources for content analysis and to extract environmental quality indicators from 160 valid articles (Table 1). The primary data collection tool in the field phase was a questionnaire consisting of two sections: closed-ended items with a five-point Likert scale and open-ended questions for interviews. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was verified with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.816. Sampling was conducted randomly using the coordinates of the Baqerabad neighborhood map. The data, including demographic characteristics and environmental quality indicators, were analyzed using SPSS version 27, and appropriate statistical tests and content analysis were applied.
Table 1) Extracted Environmental Quality Indicators and Their Categorization for Coding
Findings by Text
Out of the 160 reviewed studies, 64 applied a single approach, while 96 employed two or three approaches in analyzing environmental quality. The most commonly used methods were the objective approach (56 studies) and the combined objective-subjective approach (40 studies), followed by objective-subjective-behavioral (39), objective-behavioral (13), behavioral (5), subjective-behavioral (4) and subjective (3) approaches. In total, 1374 environmental quality indicators were extracted from these studies, which were categorized into three main groups based on the approach: objective (937 indicators), subjective (252 indicators), and behavioral (185 indicators). Additionally, these indicators were classified into 28 subcategories under six main dimensions (Table 2). According to Shannon entropy analysis, personal indicators had the highest normalized weight (0.33), while physical indicators received the lowest (0.05). From a methodological perspective, behavioral indicators were ranked highest in importance (weight 0.51), whereas objective indicators were ranked lowest (weight 0.06; Table 3).
Table 3) Ranking of Environmental Quality Indicators Based on Approaches and Dimensions Using Shannon Entropy
In the demographic analysis, the mean age of the participants was 39.09 years with a standard deviation of 8.12. The gender composition consisted of 39.7% female and 60.3% male respondents, and the majority of participants held a bachelor’s or master’s degree. More than 50% of the respondents were between 30 and 49 years old. Additionally, the effects of age, education level, and occupation were controlled using ANOVA (Table 4).
Table 4) Comparison of Sample Frequencies Based on Demographic Indicators
The evaluation of the environmental quality of open spaces in the Baqerabad neighborhood revealed that all dimensions were in an unsatisfactory condition. Among them, the social and personal dimensions showed relatively better, yet still unsatisfactory, results (Table 5).
Table 5) Mean and Frequency Distribution of Opinions on Open Space Environmental Quality Indicators Based on Dimensions
Based on content analysis, the “desirable view and landscape” indicator had the highest standardized weight in terms of content frequency among the residents' responses. This was followed by “aesthetics” and “sense of security,” which also showed high levels of content concentration. In contrast, the indicators of “vitality” and “maintenance and repair” received the least attention in the citizens’ statements (Table 6).
Table 6) Descriptive-Comparative Evaluation of Environmental Quality Factors of Open Spaces Based on Descriptive Statistics of Items
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies
Compared to similar studies, this research demonstrated both conceptual and methodological innovations. While earlier works like Das (2008) and Pramanik et al. (2022) structure environmental quality within two subjective and objective layers, the present study uniquely integrates behavioral aspects alongside these two. Unlike many studies that focus exclusively on environmental pollution and energy issues [Zeng et al., 2024; Raihan, 2023], this research offered a more comprehensive, multi-dimensional framework, including personal, social, economic, and spatial factors. Forouhar et al. (2022) and Adebayo et al. (2023) partially confirm similar dimensions but overlooked personal aspects, which this research addressed. Additionally, while studies like Fang et al. (2021) emphasize the subjective nature of urban quality, this research adopted Amerigo & Aragonés' (1997) model, blending subjective, objective, and behavioral approaches. Compared to Ricart et al. (2022), this research proposed a broader variety of indicators and confirmed the significance of multi-faceted analysis for urban planning. The proposed strategies were often aligned with Gong et al. (2024) and Amiraslani (2021) but diverged from Dilanchiev et al. (2024) and Li et al. (2022), underscoring its novel and adaptable framework
Suggestions
Designing interactive, nature-friendly spaces and promoting social participation can improve environmental quality and support sustainable urban development.
Conclusion
The Baqerabad neighborhood of Rasht, despite having below-average environmental quality in all aspects, possesses significant potential, particularly in environmental and social dimensions.
Acknowledgments: Nothing to declare.
Ethical Approval: Nothing to declare.
Conflict of Interest: Nothing to declare.
Author Contributions: Hasanipour H (First Author), Introduction Writer/Main Researcher (40%); Kazemi A (Second Author), Discussion Writer (30%); Saqafi Asl A (Third Author), Statistical Analyst / Methodologist (30%)
Funding: This article is derived from the doctoral dissertation of the first author, conducted at the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch.
Urbanization, as one of the most significant human-driven factors influencing terrestrial changes, has experienced remarkable growth since the second half of the 20th century, particularly in developing countries. This rapid expansion, if not accompanied by appropriate planning, can have numerous adverse effects on the environmental and social conditions of cities. In this context, urban open spaces play a crucial role in ensuring urban sustainability, and their environmental quality as a multidimensional and location-dependent factor has increasingly attracted attention for its contribution to enhancing residents’ well-being, satisfaction, and sustainable urban development.
Previous Studies
Previous studies have addressed various aspects of the environmental quality of urban open spaces. Initially viewed from an economic perspective, this concept expanded to include social and environmental dimensions following the rise of postmodern critiques in the 1960s (D’Alpaos & Andreolli, 2020). The adoption of objective-subjective approaches further enriched the concept by emphasizing individual perceptions, values, and interpretations (Fang et al., 2021; Mouratidis, 2021). Researchers have since identified objective and subjective indicators to integrate into urban planning (Fathi et al., 2020; Ayala-Azcarraga et al., 2023; Benabbou & Lee, 2019) and explored their links with personal, spatial, and social factors (Ramon et al., 2023; Carmona, 2019). Mouratidis (2018) highlights neighborhood-level factors, while Ayala-Azcarraga et al. (2019) focuses on the connection between urban park quality and subjective well-being. In Iran, Karimi et al. (2022) have emphasized the role of green elements in improving environmental quality. Additionally, mixed-method approaches have been increasingly applied, particularly in developing contexts such as Iran (Coventry et al., 2019; Acun & Yilmazer, 2019; Karimi et al., 2022)
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to identify the indicators of environmental quality for urban open spaces based on a review of the relevant literature and to propose a framework for assessing these indicators in the Baqerabad neighborhood of Rasht. The ultimate goal was to provide a practical foundation for urban designers, planners, and policymakers
Research Type
This research employed a descriptive-comparative approach and was conducted in two phases of document content analysis and field survey
Research Society, Place, and Time
The statistical population consisted of all residents of the Baqerabad neighborhood in Rasht, and the study was conducted in this neighborhood in 2024.
Sampling Method and Number
According to Klein (1974), the sample size should be at least 200. To ensure greater reliability, 224 individuals were randomly selected
Used Devices & Materials
In this study, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect were used as information sources for content analysis and to extract environmental quality indicators from 160 valid articles (Table 1). The primary data collection tool in the field phase was a questionnaire consisting of two sections: closed-ended items with a five-point Likert scale and open-ended questions for interviews. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was verified with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.816. Sampling was conducted randomly using the coordinates of the Baqerabad neighborhood map. The data, including demographic characteristics and environmental quality indicators, were analyzed using SPSS version 27, and appropriate statistical tests and content analysis were applied.
Table 1) Extracted Environmental Quality Indicators and Their Categorization for Coding
Findings by Text
Out of the 160 reviewed studies, 64 applied a single approach, while 96 employed two or three approaches in analyzing environmental quality. The most commonly used methods were the objective approach (56 studies) and the combined objective-subjective approach (40 studies), followed by objective-subjective-behavioral (39), objective-behavioral (13), behavioral (5), subjective-behavioral (4) and subjective (3) approaches. In total, 1374 environmental quality indicators were extracted from these studies, which were categorized into three main groups based on the approach: objective (937 indicators), subjective (252 indicators), and behavioral (185 indicators). Additionally, these indicators were classified into 28 subcategories under six main dimensions (Table 2). According to Shannon entropy analysis, personal indicators had the highest normalized weight (0.33), while physical indicators received the lowest (0.05). From a methodological perspective, behavioral indicators were ranked highest in importance (weight 0.51), whereas objective indicators were ranked lowest (weight 0.06; Table 3).
Table 3) Ranking of Environmental Quality Indicators Based on Approaches and Dimensions Using Shannon Entropy
In the demographic analysis, the mean age of the participants was 39.09 years with a standard deviation of 8.12. The gender composition consisted of 39.7% female and 60.3% male respondents, and the majority of participants held a bachelor’s or master’s degree. More than 50% of the respondents were between 30 and 49 years old. Additionally, the effects of age, education level, and occupation were controlled using ANOVA (Table 4).
Table 4) Comparison of Sample Frequencies Based on Demographic Indicators
The evaluation of the environmental quality of open spaces in the Baqerabad neighborhood revealed that all dimensions were in an unsatisfactory condition. Among them, the social and personal dimensions showed relatively better, yet still unsatisfactory, results (Table 5).
Table 5) Mean and Frequency Distribution of Opinions on Open Space Environmental Quality Indicators Based on Dimensions
Based on content analysis, the “desirable view and landscape” indicator had the highest standardized weight in terms of content frequency among the residents' responses. This was followed by “aesthetics” and “sense of security,” which also showed high levels of content concentration. In contrast, the indicators of “vitality” and “maintenance and repair” received the least attention in the citizens’ statements (Table 6).
Table 6) Descriptive-Comparative Evaluation of Environmental Quality Factors of Open Spaces Based on Descriptive Statistics of Items
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies
Compared to similar studies, this research demonstrated both conceptual and methodological innovations. While earlier works like Das (2008) and Pramanik et al. (2022) structure environmental quality within two subjective and objective layers, the present study uniquely integrates behavioral aspects alongside these two. Unlike many studies that focus exclusively on environmental pollution and energy issues [Zeng et al., 2024; Raihan, 2023], this research offered a more comprehensive, multi-dimensional framework, including personal, social, economic, and spatial factors. Forouhar et al. (2022) and Adebayo et al. (2023) partially confirm similar dimensions but overlooked personal aspects, which this research addressed. Additionally, while studies like Fang et al. (2021) emphasize the subjective nature of urban quality, this research adopted Amerigo & Aragonés' (1997) model, blending subjective, objective, and behavioral approaches. Compared to Ricart et al. (2022), this research proposed a broader variety of indicators and confirmed the significance of multi-faceted analysis for urban planning. The proposed strategies were often aligned with Gong et al. (2024) and Amiraslani (2021) but diverged from Dilanchiev et al. (2024) and Li et al. (2022), underscoring its novel and adaptable framework
Suggestions
Designing interactive, nature-friendly spaces and promoting social participation can improve environmental quality and support sustainable urban development.
Conclusion
The Baqerabad neighborhood of Rasht, despite having below-average environmental quality in all aspects, possesses significant potential, particularly in environmental and social dimensions.
Acknowledgments: Nothing to declare.
Ethical Approval: Nothing to declare.
Conflict of Interest: Nothing to declare.
Author Contributions: Hasanipour H (First Author), Introduction Writer/Main Researcher (40%); Kazemi A (Second Author), Discussion Writer (30%); Saqafi Asl A (Third Author), Statistical Analyst / Methodologist (30%)
Funding: This article is derived from the doctoral dissertation of the first author, conducted at the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch.
Keywords:
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