Geographical Research

Following rapid and explosive population growth in urban settlements that was result of immigration، urban servicing as an important issue in urban planning has been studied equality in services distribution in urban areas causes equality and social justice. This paper investigates urban services distribution pattern ( educational، health، cultural، religious and sport) in 5th region of Tehran city and it is main purpose is spatial justice measurement in sub regions of this area. Methodology of this research is descriptive analytical and method of data collection is documental and field method. The results show According to Williamson model and the Entrojpy model for the distribution utilities in sub regions of 5th region of Tehran is unbalanced. inadequate urban services in some sub regions of 5th region. Appropriate site selection for urban services in this region is one of the most important.

Background & Aim: One of the vital consequences of the expedite growth of urbanization and the physical development of the cities of the country has been the disruption of the distribution system of the service centers in recent decades, causing the social inequality of citizens in accessing such services. Urban public services structure the city's physical, social and spatial nature; thus, irreparable effects are caused on the structure, the nature of the city and the class segregation of the urban neighborhoods due to injustice in its distribution, and faces urban management with serious challenges. The extension of the concepts of justice in the field of geography and urban literature, which began approximately 40 years ago, has recently led to new approaches in the field of epistemology. This study examines the spatial distribution of urban services in Mashhad metropolis with the aim of measuring spatial justice.
Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data collection method is documentary and as a desk study and the technique used is a fuzzy method. Statistics and research indices were the distributions status of service use intervals at the level of 13 districts of Mashhad metropolis, obtained from a detailed plan. By measuring the research indices, the present research attempts to compare and classify the different districts of Mashhad in terms of the enjoyment rate of the access index, in order to provide a proper route for balancing the city development pillars.
Findings: The analysis results indicated that approximately 10,381 hectares, equivalent to 30% of the city area suffers inadequate and relatively inadequate quality in accessing a variety of services, meanwhile districts 1, 11, and Samen were more appropriate than other districts. Also, districts 7, 6, and 2 lack the minimum zones with very good access to the services

Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of health services, the extent of access of citizens and vulnerable groups to health services as a case study in the city of Urmia.
Methodology: The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2020 in Urmia, Iran. The required data were obtained from the latest statistics related to the 2016 census and land use information collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2020. Inequalities in access to health care for citizens and vulnerable groups were analyzed using the MABAK technique. ArcGIS 10.3 software was used.
Findings: About 34% of the population of Urmia was not covered by medical services and also about one year of the population was not covered by medical services. In general, among the affected groups, the elderly, immigrants and the unemployed have the best access to medical services, respectively, and also children, illiterates, and women are in a worse situation than other groups. Also, the central areas of Urmia were at the "privileged" level in terms of access to health services for all residents and vulnerable groups, and the level of access to health services for residents of suburban areas, who often live in Zone 2, was better than residents of the most affluent areas who often live in Zone 1.
Conclusion: Medical services should be located in Urmia in such a way that all citizens, especially vulnerable groups, can easily use them. As a result, in order to increase the access of citizens and vulnerable groups to health services, it seems necessary to pay attention to the proper distribution of these services throughout the city and also in relation to the distribution of population and its density.

Aims: Neighborhood parks are among the urban green spaces that, due to the psychological pressures of the residents of the neighborhoods, always play an active role in invigorating urban neighborhoods and creating a fun urban life, and from a social justice perspective, should be accessible to all members of society. The aim of this study was to investigate the access of vulnerable groups to neighborhood parks.
Methodology: The present descriptive study was conducted in 2020 with the study of the spatial and spatial distribution of parks and local green spaces in Urmia. By face-to-face reference, land use information was collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2020, and detailed results of the general population and housing census of 2016 in Urmia were collected. The required data was entered into ARCGIS10.3 software. The spatial and spatial distribution of neighborhood parks in the city of Urmia was studied and the methods of the center and standard deviation elliptical distribution (the average center of neighborhood parks and how to stretch their distribution), the nearest neighborhood index (to determine Neighborhood parks distribution model) and kernel density estimation model (to determine the density of neighborhood parks) were used in ArcGIS 10.3 software. In the final stage, using the Mabak model, the 15 districts of Urmia were ranked in terms of vulnerable groups having neighborhood parks.
Findings: About 37% of the population of vulnerable groups in Urmia were covered by neighborhood parks and among vulnerable groups, about 44% of the elderly population had good access to neighborhood parks. In general, among the vulnerable groups in Urmia, the elderly, unemployed, and women with the best conditions, as well as immigrants, children, and illiterates were in a worse situation than other groups, respectively. In addition, the distribution of neighborhood parks in Urmia was clustered and the focus shifted to the eastern (new texture) and central (old texture) areas. The results of the Mabak ranking showed that District 1 of Region 1 (score: 0.672997) had the first rank of its vulnerable groups in neighborhood parks and District 3 of Region 2 (score: -0.327) also had the last rank of having.
Conclusion: In the city of Urmia, the per capita local green space is low, and at the same time, the improper distribution of neighborhood parks so that many people in the community, especially vulnerable groups do not have proper access to these services.