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Volume 28, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Volume 31, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Renewable energy technologies convert renewable resources into forms of energy that can complement or replace conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. Wind, solar, earth energy systems, small-scale hydro systems and biomass (eg. Straw, wood, corn) are all forms of renewable energy. Wind, solar and small-scale hydro systems have zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions. For example, for every kilowatt-hour generated by a wind turbine instead of by burning fossil fuels, about one kilogram of co2 is not emitted into the atmosphere (Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture Council, 2001). Wind turbines capture wind energy and convert it to electricity. Wind energy systems can either be small, stand-alone “off-grid” systems, or connected to the provincial power grid. Because wind is an intermittent resource, a back-up system is needed. Wind systems require an average annual wind speed greater then 15 kilometers per hour may only be feasible in some part Earth. Electricity generating coasts are reported to have dropped from $0.25 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in the 1980’s to below $0.10 per kWh in 2001. One opportunity for farmers is the potential to lease land to wind energy producers. Every ten days, the earth receives solar energy of an amount equal to the world’s entire fossil fuel reserves, and approximately one precent of this is converted to wind energy (Freris, 1990). This solar radiation is converted to wind energy as a result of the unequal heating of the equator as compared to the poles, and of the oceans as compared to the continents. This unequal heating leads to motion within the atmosphere as it tries to equalize its pressure- resulting in what we know as wind. A second cause wind is the motion of the earth. Many meteorological quantities are transported via air currents. In fact, because of the winds role in the transmission of physical and meteorological parameters atmospheric, are very important. Further movement of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered. In recent years, the kinetic energy of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered by many countries. Recently use of wind energy as one of the most popular renewable power resources for producing electrical energy, is growing up. The purpose of this study is evaluating the amount of wind energy production and finding the windward areas in the Ilam province. In this study, the wind speed and wind direction daily data from 7 weather stations in the state (from established year to 2013) and 15 weather stations from outside of the state boundary are collected. At First, the days with incomplete data are eliminated, then for unifying dimensions of each data base, the average of long-term daily data are calculated. For averaging the long-term daily data related to wind speed and wind direction, two data bases with the 366*22 dimensions are established separately. By utilizing the two data bases, the orbital and meridional components are calculated. Based on the orbital and meridional components, and using kriging's geostatistics method, the orbital and meridional components of wind speed of the area study, are estimated. Finally, tow data bases with the 896*366 dimensions are created for the Ilam province that 366 of data are belonged to the orbital and meridional components of wind speed average and 896 of data are belonged to estimated cells in the Ilam province. The dimensions of each cell were 4.7*4.7 square kilometers. With cluster analysis of the two data bases, the windward areas of Ilam province are specified. For better understanding of wind speed characteristics, the monthly maps of windward areas of Ilam province and the annual coefficient of variability of wind speed are plotted. Based on wind speed, wind density, and the size of utilized wind turbine (rotatory radius 5, 10, 15, 20 meters), the amount of wind power generations (from 896 cells), are estimated. The annually and monthly equipotential maps of wind power generation are plotted. The results show that Mehran is the most windward area in the Ilam province. Also the western areas of Ilam province have more wind speed availability compared to the eastern areas of the Ilam province. Darehshahr has minimum average wind speed in all months of the year. The variability coefficient of wind speed in the Ilam province is between 17.2 and 40.6. The northern areas of the state have less variability coefficient compared to other areas of the state. The evaluation findings of the four mentioned wind turbines show that the wind turbines can produce maximum wind power generation at the west areas of the state (Mehran). Among all of the months in a year, the July has the most wind power generation, as the time viewpoints. By utilizing the wind turbines with five meters blades, the amount of wind production threshold is about 1 to 11 million watts per squared meters. Also by utilizing the wind turbines with 10 and 15 meters blades, the amount of minimum and maximum annual wind energy generation can be about 5 to 45, and 12 to 101, million watts per squared meters, respectively.
Volume 33, Issue 1 (Spring 2018)
Volume 35, Issue 2 (spring 2020)
Aims & Backgrounds: This study aims to identify the typology of wind-catchers in Semnan province as an example of traditional architecture based on sustainable development patterns.
Methodology: This is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, which has been done through library and field study. The methodology has been a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. First, 37 items were selected as the main samples and evaluated using five evaluation indicators. In these perceptions, the selected buildings and especially their wind-catchers were carefully examined and their maps were drawn accurately, and then by examining and comparing the obtained maps, different types of wind-catchers were categorized in separate categories according to the similarities and differences.
Findings: The results showed that 10.8% of wind catchers are two-way and 89.2% are four-way. Examination of wind towers’ plan of wind-catchers in the plan shows all wind-catchers studied wind catchers are connected to the hall; 45.9% of them are located in the symmetry axis of the hall and 54.1% are located in the corner of the hall. Examination of the windshield plan showed that 29.7% of the windshields had a square plan and 70.3% had a rectangular plan. The results showed that 40.5% of wind-catchers ventilate only the ground floor, while 59.5% ventilate the basement. Moreover, 27% of wind towers have a square shelf, 46% have a vertical rectangular shelf and 27% have windshields with a horizontal rectangular shelf. The western half of the province has more wind-catchers than the eastern and northern half.
Conclusion: By applying the principles of traditional architecture in line with the climate, it is possible to meet some of today's architectural needs such as air conditioning and optimal energy consumption.
Volume 35, Issue 3 (summer 2020)
Methodology: This research is a combination of survey and analytical-structural methods. In order to determine the study area, 18 villages were selected from a total of 190 villages with more than 20 households in Buin Zehra and Avaj counties by distributing clusters according to the distance and proximity of the village to the city and the population. The sample size was 378 people by Cochran's method. In order to explain and analyze the factors affecting institutional development in the study area, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), structural equation modeling and TOPSIS technique were used.
Findings: Satisfaction with the performance of existing institutions in the village, knowledge and awareness of the nature, duties of institutions, institutional trust, social solidarity, human capacity, social networks and incentives and institutional capacity had an important impact on the institutional development of rural areas. There was also a difference in terms of institutional development between villages with high populations; so that, 22.2% (4 villages) were at the privileged level, 33.4% (6 villages) were at the semi-privileged level and 44.4% (8 villages) were at the highly privileged level. The reason for this was the proximity to urban centers after road and population indicators.
Conclusion: Considering the institutional development coefficients, it can be claim that the level of institutional development of rurals decreases from the southeast and the center to the west and away from the city center.
Volume 38, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Aims: The sacred space and the feeling of spirituality are well-understood in mosques as the great examples of Iranian architecture. Unfortunately, the place of the sacred and spiritual sense has been damaged in the creation of the space in some contemporary mosques. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to the sense of spirituality in the architecture of mosques and use valuable models of traditional architecture and understand it. Hence, the aim of this study is to identify the components of the sense of spirituality in the congregational mosques of Iran.
Methodology: The current research is qualitativein terms of the methodology. The elements creating a sense of spirituality in three mosques of Yazd, Isfahan, and Abbasi were explained using the method of "grounded theory". Data collected through continuous presence of the researcher in the environment and in-depth interviews with 35 experts according to the "constructivist approach" were analyzed in three stages of open, central, and selective coding. NVivo.12 was used for qualitative data analysis, coding and checking the frequency of the extracted codes from interviews.
Findings: The feeling of spirituality can be enhanced using the semantic, physical, geometric, and spatial patterns found in the prominent examples of traditional Iranian mosques. 35 interviews were conducted and 225 codes were extracted in the research process. 25 open codes, 11 central codes, and 5 selective codes were extracted through multiple revisions and integration of the codes according to their similarity during several steps.
Conclusion: Five indicators of "unification of components in a meaningful whole", "traditional decorations based on mystical knowledge", "spatial openness and greatness in the body", "meaningful presence of light and creating penumbra", and "centripetal geometry and local symmetry" are the components that give a sense of spirituality to the mosques.
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