Geographical Research

One of the important problems in the urban development process in the world has been land use and planning for urban sustainability. Considering this important issue، this study investigates spatial analysis and urban land use planning in Dogonbadan. This research is applied- analytical and by applying land extension index and Hensen model intends to study and plan urban land use in this city. Urban land extension index was calculated to be 53.12 percentages that shows the extensive physical development of Dogonbadan city. The result of using Hensen model show that maximum development potential belongs to the zone 7 and 5. In the end of 2011 that population of Dogonbadan reaches to 07640(38550 increase in population)، we require1315.92 hectare (805.42 in current state and 510.50 hectare in the end of planning year) physical spaces for building various types of uses.

In order to have spatial and temporal analysis of Iran extreme cold days'' trend، the average of daily temperature data from 663 synoptic and climatologic stations of Iran during the period of 1961/21/03 to 2004/19/03 were used. Then، temperature data on 15*15 kilometer pixels were interpolated using Kriging method for Iran. The extreme cold days were identified by Normalized Temperature Difference (NTD) index. According to the index، the days with NTD -2 were selected as extreme cold days. Then، a trend analysis was applied to the extreme cold days for each month of year. The results showed the negative trend extend of the extreme cold days is further than the positive trend extend. Positive trend located on the high mountains in Shahre Kord، Sannadaj، Zanjan to Ardabil and a thin band on Alborz mountains range. While a negative trend located on central-south of Iran. In January and July extreme cold occurrence is more frequent and least respectively.

There are continuous connections between a city and its periphery and the form of these relations varies. Collection of these relations makes an influential area forming the various relations between the city and periphery. These relations are not the same and do not have unique concentration and density; rather، they hey depend on population، geographic conditions and the role of the city in the special structure of the region. It is assumed that in Eastern Azerbaijan urban network، the civic dwellings are influenced by these different penetrative conditions. This study is descriptive- analytical and the data were collected through library studies، referring to statistic and maps. Therefore، this study attempts to consider the penetration area of Eastern Azerbaijan cities relying on quantitative، statistic (gravity rule) and geographic (analyzing procedures) methods. The results of this study in supra- regional level among the province''s central towns contiguous to Tabriz indicates that the penetration areas of Tabriz except Euromieh have advanced toward other central towns (Ardabil، zanjan، sanandaj) and inhibits their development and giving service to their own penetration areas. Marand and Bonab، in intraregional level among the five cities with more than 50 thousand population، have developed their penetration area and the penetration area of Marageh، Mianeh and Ahar has been of benefit to Tabriz and penetration area of 51 cities with less than 50 thousand population is of benefit to Tabriz and to their disadvantage. Also، considering towns with the some potential line، Tabriz، Marageh، Bonab، Marand، Mianeh، Ahar and sarab have the highest penetration and attraction coefficient. The same results are achieved with process analysis method that the penetration area of Tabriz influences the whole region and the district towns of the province (maragch، Marand، Mianeh، Ahar and Bonab) have developed their own penetration area. In general، we can conclude that the results of the theoretical and experimental penetration area are the same. 

The weaknesses of the traditional climatic classification methods in presenting the climatic realities of Caspian region and showing the new methods'' merits based on multivariate statistical methods، and geographical information system in presenting the climatic regions of Caspian، are among the most important ideas of conducting this study. To do so، we used the data of synoptic stations of north and north east of the country in a period of 20 years. To analyze 19 climatic elements in “Factor analysis” method; at first the map of each studied climate of the region was traced by “Surfer software” on the bases of Pixel in a 15*15 km measure. And also by “minimum curvature” method، data of each map become interpolated. After that، data of each map were changed to digital data، which a matrix in a 266*19 measure was formed of those digital data. By analyzing the matrix in “Factor analysis” method، it was certificated that 98% data variance of it is of the precipitation and temperature that Data consist: 50% of the primary factor and 48% of the secondary factor. Quantities of precipitation and temperature were analyzed by “agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyzes” in “ward” method that the Caspian region was divided to four regions in the aftermath; moderate and humid، moderate and semi humid، cold and low precipitation، and semi cold and low precipitation. These minor climatic regions are greatly influenced by some climatic factors، as the remoteness and farness from the sea and the elevation increase. Climatic varieties in the eastern parts، especially in the limits of Golestan province، are more evident.

In this study، first we estimated the poverty line of household and poverty indices in rural areas between1999 to 2004. Stochastic dominance test is applied to compare the extent of poverty in the beginning year and the end year of third- socio economic development plan of Iran. The most important feature of this technique is providing comparative comparison of poverty in two years or different period. The results show that during these years the rural poverty line based on reciprocal of engel’s coefficient method has been greater than other relative poverty lines. Poverty lines were increasing in rural areas based on all of measuring poverty methods. Poverty gap and poverty intensity has been alleviated in rural areas. Besides، by using the stochastic dominance test، variation of poverty was tested and the results show the decreasing of poverty in rural areas of Isfahan province during the studied period. This may indicate that the poverty alleviation policies in the third plan have been promising. 

The political and social revolutions during recent years have made rapid changes in urban and rural life. These have created inequality in the distribution of resources and lack of congruent development among cities and rural migration in Third World countries. Herein، there are various techniques for assessing the rate of development in different regions one of which is analytical hierarchy method. In this study for measuring the Impart Quantity of counties of Golestan province، agricultural and livestock nurturing، transportation، service، industry and mine، structural and reclamations and population were selected. According to results، Gorgan County with coefficient of 10.89 has the first degree and Bandar Gaz County with the coefficient of 2.82 is in the eleventh degree. By classifying these coefficients، five regions were determined with too much benefit، much benefit، mean benefit، little benefit and too little benefit. Finally، by generalization of these coefficients to the map of correspondent counties، map of the Impart Quantity of counties and regions of Golestan province was resulted. With regard to the potentials and weak points of each of these regions، some goals were determined in four levels for each region.  

The aim of this study is assessing and mapping landslide susceptibility in watershed of semiarid mountain areas. Saeedabad-chai Watershd is located on the northwest of Iran and the North of Sahand Mountain. This study is using Bivariate Statistical Analysis (BSA)، weights-of-evidence (WOE)،GIS. The results of this assessment show that causative factors as slope (∑wƒ= + 3.965)، landuse(∑wƒ= + 0.759)، distance of road(∑wƒ= + 1.498)، lithology (∑wƒ= + 0.424)، rainfall (∑wƒ= + 0.388)، distance of rural (∑wƒ= + 0.161) play a major role in the landslide occurrence.There is a negetive relationship between landslides and distance of fault (∑wƒ= - 0.006) and distance of channel (∑wƒ= - 0.325) in the Saeedabad-chai Watershd. The medium، high and very high susceptbility zones make up 43.116 % of the total study area. The acuuracy of the map was evaluated by( Li) index. This index shows that 92% of landslides occure on medium، high and very high susceptbility zone. 

Cultural Services are considered as one of the main elements of cultural development. The purpose of this study is to assess the enjoyment of cultural aspects of the city، in order to achieve the level of regional inequality in the area. The population of the study includes fourteen areas of Isfahan. Considering the studied components، the ruling research approach is «descriptive، quantitative and analytical». In this study، 35 indicators are summarized using factor analysis and five factors were extracted and were presented in the form of the combination of the significant elements. Then، effects of each factor in the development of cultural services and certain areas were determined using TOPSIS model as a method of decision making and applying multiple indicators and forming entropy weight method in five classes (too much enjoyed، enjoyed، medium، deprived، very deprived)، the position of each of the regions having the aforementioned indices were determined. By creating a regression relationship between the factors influencing TOPSIS rate، factors affecting the development of cultural services areas were identified. Findings revealed that، Isfahan urban areas are not equal in terms of enjoyment of cultural indicators and there are significant differences in the degree of enjoyment of cultural facilities and spaces between the regions. Of the total of 14 urban areas، regions 1 and 3 are at the level of too much enjoyed and regions five and six are the second level and area 4 and 8 and 12 are the semi-enjoyed (average) level and also deprived regions include regions 2،11  and 9 and regions 7, 14, 10 and 13 are at the fifth level. Finally، with regard to the regression model، influential factors in increasing the cultural service development of regions were determined. 

In order to recognize Isfahan weather types، in this research 22 variables including temperature، precipitation، atmospheric humidity and wind were studied in Isfahan synoptic station from Dey،11th،1339 (January،1st،1960) to Dey،11th، 1383(December،31st2004،). A Cluster analysis on the Euclidean distance of standardized matrix of data and linking days on the basis of ward method showed that Isfahan has 9 weather types (WT) including: 1.Cold، frosty، calm WT،2.Very cold، frosty، calm، foggy WT،3.Rainy WT،4.Cold، frosty، dry WT،5.Cold، windy WT، 6.Windy WT،7.Moderate WT، 8.Warm، dry WT and 9.Hot، dry WT. Based on this research''s results، hot and dry WT is the most dominant and durable، and rainy WT is the least frequent and short-lived weather type.