Volume 35, Issue 2 (2020)
GeoRes 2020, 35(2): 167-176 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2020/03/1 | Accepted: 2020/06/17 | Published: 2020/06/17
Received: 2020/03/1 | Accepted: 2020/06/17 | Published: 2020/06/17
Rights and permissions
1- Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and The Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and The Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and The Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and The Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and The Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract (2853 Views)
Aims & Backgrounds: The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental impacts of Aras River pollution.
Methodology: First, the physicochemical properties of river water were measured in the vicinity of industrial zones. This is an applied survey carried out through sampling and laboratory experiments. Sampling was performed from mid-2018 to mid-2019 and at selected stations. Three water samples were taken at each station. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Nitrate, Nitrite, and TDS were measured with a spectrophotometer. Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium concentrations were measured using Flame Photometer and the remainder were measured by professional devices. All sampling process was repeated four times and the average number was recorded for each station.
Findings: The results showed that the lowest recorded electrical conductivity was 0.789 while the highest was 2.346 ds / m, unsuitability of soil, and water for irrigation. The measured total solids content was 1211 mg / l indicates a moderate limitation in terms of salinity. The average recorded pH was 8.17, which is within the national permitted range and standard of the World Health Organization. The concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite is more than the maximum amount of the permitted range. The concentration of Potassium is in the standard range. According to the obtained mean (64 mg / l), the concentration of Calcium and Cadmium is within both national permitted range and international standard range, eith64mg/1, and 0.8 μg/1, respectively. While that of Lead (μg / l 0.09) is just within the standard range.
Conclusion: Discharge of agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastewater into the river in upper parts of the study area is the biggest threat to the lower parts environment.
Methodology: First, the physicochemical properties of river water were measured in the vicinity of industrial zones. This is an applied survey carried out through sampling and laboratory experiments. Sampling was performed from mid-2018 to mid-2019 and at selected stations. Three water samples were taken at each station. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Nitrate, Nitrite, and TDS were measured with a spectrophotometer. Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium concentrations were measured using Flame Photometer and the remainder were measured by professional devices. All sampling process was repeated four times and the average number was recorded for each station.
Findings: The results showed that the lowest recorded electrical conductivity was 0.789 while the highest was 2.346 ds / m, unsuitability of soil, and water for irrigation. The measured total solids content was 1211 mg / l indicates a moderate limitation in terms of salinity. The average recorded pH was 8.17, which is within the national permitted range and standard of the World Health Organization. The concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite is more than the maximum amount of the permitted range. The concentration of Potassium is in the standard range. According to the obtained mean (64 mg / l), the concentration of Calcium and Cadmium is within both national permitted range and international standard range, eith64mg/1, and 0.8 μg/1, respectively. While that of Lead (μg / l 0.09) is just within the standard range.
Conclusion: Discharge of agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastewater into the river in upper parts of the study area is the biggest threat to the lower parts environment.
References
1. Abrahim GMS, Parker RJ (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki, Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 136:227-238. [DOI:10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2] [PMID]
2. Cool G, Rodriguez M, Bouchard Ch, Levallois P, Jerin F (2010). Evaluation of the vulnerability to contamination of drinking water systems for rural regions in Que'bec, Canada. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 53(5):615-638. [DOI:10.1080/09640561003727128]
3. Forsythe DP (2012). Human rights in international relations. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139059114]
4. Guo Y, Huang C, Zhang H, Dong Q (2009). Heavy metal contamination from electronic waste recycling at Guiyu, Southeastern China. Journal of Environmetal Quality. 38(4):1617-1626. [DOI:10.2134/jeq2008.0398] [PMID]
5. Huang J, Nkrumah P, Anim D, Mensah E (2014). E-waste disposal effects on the aquatic environment: Accra, Ghana. In: Whitacre D, editor. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Berlin: Springer, Cham. 229:19-34 [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-03777-6_2] [PMID]
6. Imanpour Namin J, Mohammadi M, Heydari S, Monsefrad F (2011). Heavy metals Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, in tissue. liver of Esox lucius and sediment from the Anzali international lagoon- Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 9(1):1-8.
7. Ishay MR (2008). The history of human rights: From ancient times to the globalization era. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. [DOI:10.1525/9780520934917]
8. Jhajharia D, Dinpashoh Y, Kahya E, Singh VP, Fakheri- Fard A (2011). Trends in reference evapotranspiration in humid region of northeast India. Hydrological Processes. 26(3):421-435. [DOI:10.1002/hyp.8140]
9. Manikannan R, Asokan S, Samsoor-Ali AM (2011). Seasonal variations of physics- chemical properties of the great Vedaranyam swamp, point Calimeter wildlife sanctuary, South-east coast of India. African Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology. 5(9):673-681.
10. Mohammadkhani H, Gholampoor Enayat T (2015). Investigation of phytoplankton in the Caspian sea basin (Gorgan Bay). Journal of New Technologies in Aquaculture Development. 11(4):15-30.
11. Peng JF, Song YH, Yuan P, Cui XY, Qiu GL (2009). The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment. Journal of Hazard Materials. 161(2-3):633-640. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.061] [PMID]
12. Qihang W, Leung j, Xinhua G, Shejun Ch, Xuexia H, Haiyan L, et al (2015). Heavy metal contamination of soil and water in the vicinity of an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Implications for dissemination of heavy metals. Science of The Total Environment. 506-507:217-225. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.121] [PMID]
13. Rao GS, Rao, GN (2010). Study on groundwater quality in greater Visakhapatnam city, Andhra Pradesh (India). Journal of Environment Science Engineering, 52(2):137-146.
14. Rostamabadi A, Jalali S (2014). Water resources management in new legal order. 1st ed. Tehran: Amirkabir University Publications. [in Persian]
15. Simeonov V, Simeonova P, Tsitouridou R (2004). Chemometric qulity assessment of surface waters two case studies. Chemical and Engineering Ecology. 11(6):449-469.
16. Song Q, Li J (2014). Environmental effects of heavy metals derived from the e-waste recycling activities in China: a systematic review. Waste Management. 34(12):2587-2594. [DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.012] [PMID]
17. Steinberg GM, Herzberg A, Berman J (2012). Best practices for human rights and humanitarian NGO fact-finding. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff Publisher. [DOI:10.1163/9789004218123]
18. United States Environmental Protection Agency [Internet]. National recommended water quality criteria. United State Environmental Protection Agency. [Published 2007, 23 May]. Washington, D.C: USEPA Publications.
19. Virginie B (2016). National sovereignty over natural resources, environmental challenges and sustainable development. In: Morgera E, Kulovesi K, editors. Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources.
20. Wang J, Liu W, Yang R, Zhang L (2013). Assessment of the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in reclaimed soils at an open cast coal mine. Disaster Advances. 6(S3):366-377.
21. World Health Organization (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 4rd ed. Geneva: WHO Press