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Volume 40, Issue 3 (2025)
GeoRes 2025, 40(3): 211-219 |
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Received: 2025/02/26 | Accepted: 2025/04/23 | Published: 2025/09/1
Received: 2025/02/26 | Accepted: 2025/04/23 | Published: 2025/09/1
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Ahmadi Bonakdar M, Saghatoleslami A, Seyedalhoseini S, Daneshvar M. Developing A Conceptual Model of Sustainable Social Housing with Emphasis on the Dimensions of Social Sustainability. GeoRes 2025; 40 (3) :211-219
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1- Department of Urban Planning, Mashhad Campus (Ma.C.), Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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Background
Social housing, as one of the key policies for providing housing to low-income groups, should be socially sustainable in addition to its economic and environmental aspects, in order to enhance quality of life, social cohesion, and justice. Despite numerous studies on the dimensions of social sustainability, no comprehensive conceptual model has yet been proposed to fully encompass these dimensions in social housing.
Previous Studies
Previous studies have examined various dimensions of social sustainability in social housing. Some have focused on social justice (Hamiduddin, 2015), local services and amenities (Hajjar, 2015), and the design of communal spaces for all groups (Emami, 2014). Other research has addressed social interactions (Haji Rahimi, 2013), identity and sense of belonging (Habibi Nodeh, 2017), and environmental aspects (Murray, 2014). Criteria such as safety, comfort, and affordability (Moghayedi et al., 2021), social networks and resident participation (Marchesi & Tweed, 2021), and strategies to address housing deprivation (Winston, 2022) have also been discussed. In addition, social sustainability has been assessed using indicators such as safety, flexibility, and neighborhood characteristics (Fatourehchi & Zarghami, 2020; Karji et al., 2019). The findings indicate that economic, environmental, and social factors all contribute to achieving sustainable social housing (Oyebanji et al., 2017), yet no comprehensive conceptual model has been proposed that encompasses all these dimensions together.
Aim(s)
The aim of the present study is to develop a comprehensive conceptual model for creating sustainable social housing that fully encompasses the various dimensions and aspects of social sustainability in such housing.
Research Type
The present study was applied in terms of its objective.
Research Society, Place and Time
The present study is applied in terms of its objective and was conducted in Iran in 2025 using a qualitative approach and the meta-synthesis method based on a systematic review of the literature. The research population comprised scientific articles, dissertations, and books related to the topic of sustainable social housing and social sustainability over the past 15 years, which were retrieved from domestic databases (SID, Irandoc) and international databases (Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science).
Sampling Method and Number
The sampling method in this study was purposive, based on the systematic screening of scientific sources. In the search phase, 140 relevant scientific documents were identified, which, after three stages of screening (based on title, abstract, and relevance to the topic), resulted in a final selection of 29 sources, including 23 articles, 4 dissertations, and 3 books, chosen as the final sample for analysis.
Used Devices & Materials
The tools and materials used included domestic scientific databases (SID, Irandoc) and international databases (Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science), software and systematic coding methods (open, axial, and selective coding) based on the Corbin & Strauss (2008) model, and the seven-step framework of Sandelowski and Barroso (2003) for conducting the meta-synthesis. Additionally, the percentage agreement method and the Kappa index were used to assess the reliability of the coding..
Findings by Text
To carry out the meta-synthesis process, 29 selected scientific documents including articles, books, and dissertations were collected. Each was coded based on author, year of publication, and document type, and subcategories related to sustainable social housing and social sustainability were extracted (Table 1). These subcategories covered various areas such as housing policies, construction quality, social justice, civic participation, security, social identity, household economy, and more.
Table 1. Selected scientific documents and extraction of related subcategories
Then, using the three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective), 58 subcategories were grouped into 10 categories, which were ultimately condensed into 4 main concepts: social housing habitability, social housing quality-focus, social housing community-focus, and social housing executive and economic management (Table 2).
Details of each concept are as follows:
Social Housing Habitability includes public safety, equality and social justice, residents’ sense of security, and safety of public spaces.
Social Housing Quality-Focus centers on the quality of housing construction and associated spaces, including lighting, ventilation, housing form and pattern, and environmental aesthetics.
Social Housing Community-Focus emphasizes social and shared spaces, civic participation, social relationships, sense of belonging, and social identity.
Social Housing Executive and Economic Management relates to housing policies, funding provision, affordability, household economy, and housing ownership.
Finally, through systematic analysis of the findings, a conceptual model of sustainable social housing emphasizing social sustainability dimensions was defined, comprising 4 main components and 10 subsidiary criteria. This model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and developing sustainable social housing.
Table 2. Linking subcategories and extracting categories and concepts
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies
The present study, by developing a conceptual model of sustainable social housing with an emphasis on social sustainability within a framework of 4 components and 10 criteria, has identified key aspects of this field. The results of this study align in many respects with findings from similar research; for example, Safari et al. (2023) also highlight the importance of affordability, equitable location, and civic participation in sustainable social housing, which in the current model correspond to the economic housing and social participation and interactions criteria. Moghayed et al. (2021) propose criteria such as safety, ownership, and affordability that align with the concepts of safe housing, livable housing space, and economic housing in this study. Additionally, Oyebanji et al. (2017) have found out that economic and social factors play roles similar to those of the executive and economic management criteria in the present model. However, due to the use of the meta-synthesis method and the integration of findings, this study introduces new components and criteria such as community-focus, habitability, and quality-focus in social housing, which have been less addressed in previous studies. Therefore, while confirming many prior findings, this study takes a novel step in expanding the theoretical and practical dimensions of sustainable social housing [Safari et al., 2023; Moghayed et al., 2021; Marchesi & Tweed, 2021; Winston, 2022; Fatourehchi & Zarghami, 2020; Oyebanji et al., 2017; Ghafourian et al., 2017].
Suggestions
It is recommended that future research investigate the role of local community participation, conduct socio-economic evaluations of social housing models, develop indigenous indicators of social sustainability, clarify spatial criteria for social participation, and study cultural contexts in sustainable social housing.
Conclusion
The developed conceptual model for achieving sustainable social housing, with a focus on social sustainability dimensions, comprises four main components. The first component, social housing habitability, includes criteria such as safe social housing and livable housing spaces. The second, community-focus in social housing, encompasses social and shared housing spaces, social participation and interactions, and a sense of social belonging. The third component, quality-focus in social housing, addresses the quality of housing construction and the quality of associated spaces. Finally, the executive and economic management of social housing covers criteria related to social housing policies, economic housing, and household economy. Together, these components provide a comprehensive framework to guide the development of socially sustainable housing.
Acknowledgments: We express our sincere gratitude to the experts and specialists in the fields of urban planning and urban design who collaborated extensively in this research.
Ethical Permission: None reported by the authors.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the doctoral dissertation of the first author, Mohammad Amin Ahmadi Bankdar, entitled “Developing Influential Components in Urban Planning and Design of Social Housing to Enhance Social Sustainability: A Case Study of Maskan-e Mehr in Torbat Jam County,” in the field of Urban Planning at Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch..
Authors’ Contributions: Ahmadi Bonakdar MA (First author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer/Methodologist (45%); Saghatoleslami A (Second author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (20%); Seyedolhoseini SM (Third author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (20%); Daneshvar M (Fourth Author) Introduction Writer/Methodologist (15%)
Funding: This article is based on the first author’s doctoral dissertation titled “Developing Influential Components in Urban Planning and Design of Social Housing to Enhance Social Sustainability: A Case Study of Maskan-e Mehr in Torbat Jam County.” The research costs were covered by the first author.
Social housing, as one of the key policies for providing housing to low-income groups, should be socially sustainable in addition to its economic and environmental aspects, in order to enhance quality of life, social cohesion, and justice. Despite numerous studies on the dimensions of social sustainability, no comprehensive conceptual model has yet been proposed to fully encompass these dimensions in social housing.
Previous Studies
Previous studies have examined various dimensions of social sustainability in social housing. Some have focused on social justice (Hamiduddin, 2015), local services and amenities (Hajjar, 2015), and the design of communal spaces for all groups (Emami, 2014). Other research has addressed social interactions (Haji Rahimi, 2013), identity and sense of belonging (Habibi Nodeh, 2017), and environmental aspects (Murray, 2014). Criteria such as safety, comfort, and affordability (Moghayedi et al., 2021), social networks and resident participation (Marchesi & Tweed, 2021), and strategies to address housing deprivation (Winston, 2022) have also been discussed. In addition, social sustainability has been assessed using indicators such as safety, flexibility, and neighborhood characteristics (Fatourehchi & Zarghami, 2020; Karji et al., 2019). The findings indicate that economic, environmental, and social factors all contribute to achieving sustainable social housing (Oyebanji et al., 2017), yet no comprehensive conceptual model has been proposed that encompasses all these dimensions together.
Aim(s)
The aim of the present study is to develop a comprehensive conceptual model for creating sustainable social housing that fully encompasses the various dimensions and aspects of social sustainability in such housing.
Research Type
The present study was applied in terms of its objective.
Research Society, Place and Time
The present study is applied in terms of its objective and was conducted in Iran in 2025 using a qualitative approach and the meta-synthesis method based on a systematic review of the literature. The research population comprised scientific articles, dissertations, and books related to the topic of sustainable social housing and social sustainability over the past 15 years, which were retrieved from domestic databases (SID, Irandoc) and international databases (Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science).
Sampling Method and Number
The sampling method in this study was purposive, based on the systematic screening of scientific sources. In the search phase, 140 relevant scientific documents were identified, which, after three stages of screening (based on title, abstract, and relevance to the topic), resulted in a final selection of 29 sources, including 23 articles, 4 dissertations, and 3 books, chosen as the final sample for analysis.
Used Devices & Materials
The tools and materials used included domestic scientific databases (SID, Irandoc) and international databases (Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science), software and systematic coding methods (open, axial, and selective coding) based on the Corbin & Strauss (2008) model, and the seven-step framework of Sandelowski and Barroso (2003) for conducting the meta-synthesis. Additionally, the percentage agreement method and the Kappa index were used to assess the reliability of the coding..
Findings by Text
To carry out the meta-synthesis process, 29 selected scientific documents including articles, books, and dissertations were collected. Each was coded based on author, year of publication, and document type, and subcategories related to sustainable social housing and social sustainability were extracted (Table 1). These subcategories covered various areas such as housing policies, construction quality, social justice, civic participation, security, social identity, household economy, and more.
Table 1. Selected scientific documents and extraction of related subcategories
Then, using the three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective), 58 subcategories were grouped into 10 categories, which were ultimately condensed into 4 main concepts: social housing habitability, social housing quality-focus, social housing community-focus, and social housing executive and economic management (Table 2).
Details of each concept are as follows:
Social Housing Habitability includes public safety, equality and social justice, residents’ sense of security, and safety of public spaces.
Social Housing Quality-Focus centers on the quality of housing construction and associated spaces, including lighting, ventilation, housing form and pattern, and environmental aesthetics.
Social Housing Community-Focus emphasizes social and shared spaces, civic participation, social relationships, sense of belonging, and social identity.
Social Housing Executive and Economic Management relates to housing policies, funding provision, affordability, household economy, and housing ownership.
Finally, through systematic analysis of the findings, a conceptual model of sustainable social housing emphasizing social sustainability dimensions was defined, comprising 4 main components and 10 subsidiary criteria. This model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and developing sustainable social housing.
Table 2. Linking subcategories and extracting categories and concepts
Main Comparisons to Similar Studies
The present study, by developing a conceptual model of sustainable social housing with an emphasis on social sustainability within a framework of 4 components and 10 criteria, has identified key aspects of this field. The results of this study align in many respects with findings from similar research; for example, Safari et al. (2023) also highlight the importance of affordability, equitable location, and civic participation in sustainable social housing, which in the current model correspond to the economic housing and social participation and interactions criteria. Moghayed et al. (2021) propose criteria such as safety, ownership, and affordability that align with the concepts of safe housing, livable housing space, and economic housing in this study. Additionally, Oyebanji et al. (2017) have found out that economic and social factors play roles similar to those of the executive and economic management criteria in the present model. However, due to the use of the meta-synthesis method and the integration of findings, this study introduces new components and criteria such as community-focus, habitability, and quality-focus in social housing, which have been less addressed in previous studies. Therefore, while confirming many prior findings, this study takes a novel step in expanding the theoretical and practical dimensions of sustainable social housing [Safari et al., 2023; Moghayed et al., 2021; Marchesi & Tweed, 2021; Winston, 2022; Fatourehchi & Zarghami, 2020; Oyebanji et al., 2017; Ghafourian et al., 2017].
Suggestions
It is recommended that future research investigate the role of local community participation, conduct socio-economic evaluations of social housing models, develop indigenous indicators of social sustainability, clarify spatial criteria for social participation, and study cultural contexts in sustainable social housing.
Conclusion
The developed conceptual model for achieving sustainable social housing, with a focus on social sustainability dimensions, comprises four main components. The first component, social housing habitability, includes criteria such as safe social housing and livable housing spaces. The second, community-focus in social housing, encompasses social and shared housing spaces, social participation and interactions, and a sense of social belonging. The third component, quality-focus in social housing, addresses the quality of housing construction and the quality of associated spaces. Finally, the executive and economic management of social housing covers criteria related to social housing policies, economic housing, and household economy. Together, these components provide a comprehensive framework to guide the development of socially sustainable housing.
Acknowledgments: We express our sincere gratitude to the experts and specialists in the fields of urban planning and urban design who collaborated extensively in this research.
Ethical Permission: None reported by the authors.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the doctoral dissertation of the first author, Mohammad Amin Ahmadi Bankdar, entitled “Developing Influential Components in Urban Planning and Design of Social Housing to Enhance Social Sustainability: A Case Study of Maskan-e Mehr in Torbat Jam County,” in the field of Urban Planning at Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch..
Authors’ Contributions: Ahmadi Bonakdar MA (First author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer/Methodologist (45%); Saghatoleslami A (Second author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (20%); Seyedolhoseini SM (Third author), Introduction Writer/Discussion Writer (20%); Daneshvar M (Fourth Author) Introduction Writer/Methodologist (15%)
Funding: This article is based on the first author’s doctoral dissertation titled “Developing Influential Components in Urban Planning and Design of Social Housing to Enhance Social Sustainability: A Case Study of Maskan-e Mehr in Torbat Jam County.” The research costs were covered by the first author.
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