Persian
Language
Geographical Research is Published in Persian Fulltext.
Volume 38, Issue 1 (2023)
GeoRes 2023, 38(1): 1-10 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2023/01/15 | Accepted: 2023/03/1 | Published: 2023/03/5
Received: 2023/01/15 | Accepted: 2023/03/1 | Published: 2023/03/5
How to cite this article
Eskandari N, Saeideh Zarabadi Z, Habib F. Modeling of the Fragility of Iran Cities Using Interpretive-Structural Method. GeoRes 2023; 38 (1) :1-10
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1426-en.html
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1426-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
1- Department of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract (645 Views)
Aims: Today, the challenges of the new age such as inequality, poverty, violence, migration, pandemic diseases, reduction of energy resources, etc. have turned into global concerns. Cities are under pressure from these challenges and if not properly managed, they become increasingly fragile. Accordingly, the main goal of the current research is to identify and prioritize urban fragility drivers in Iran cities.
Methodology: This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out between 2019 and 2022 based on the mixed pragmatism paradigm in Tehran. For this purpose, considering the drivers of fragility mentioned in the theoretical foundations of the research, the factors affecting the fragility of Iran's cities were identified by interviewing14 experts in the field of urban planning using the environmental survey technique and the structural analysis method. Then, these drivers were categorized into levels using the structural-interpretive modeling technique and a questionnaire. After determining the level of each factor and considering the final reachability matrix, the final ISM was drawn.
Findings: Based on the results of structural-interpretive modeling, twenty drivers of urban fragility in Iran's cities were classified into eleven levels to determine the priority of each one to be addressed in order to reduce fragility.
Conclusion: Social inequality, gender inequality, political instability and sanctions are the strongest drivers of fragility in Iran, respectively.
Methodology: This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out between 2019 and 2022 based on the mixed pragmatism paradigm in Tehran. For this purpose, considering the drivers of fragility mentioned in the theoretical foundations of the research, the factors affecting the fragility of Iran's cities were identified by interviewing14 experts in the field of urban planning using the environmental survey technique and the structural analysis method. Then, these drivers were categorized into levels using the structural-interpretive modeling technique and a questionnaire. After determining the level of each factor and considering the final reachability matrix, the final ISM was drawn.
Findings: Based on the results of structural-interpretive modeling, twenty drivers of urban fragility in Iran's cities were classified into eleven levels to determine the priority of each one to be addressed in order to reduce fragility.
Conclusion: Social inequality, gender inequality, political instability and sanctions are the strongest drivers of fragility in Iran, respectively.
References
1. Abel A, Hammond D, Hyslop D, Lahidji R, Mandrella DF (2016). The OECD fragility framework. In: OECD, editor. States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence. Paris: OECD Publishing. pp. 69-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1787/9789264267213-7-en]
2. Abhyankar AA, Paliwal M, Patwardhan A, Inamdar AB (2013). Identification of vulnerable areas in municipal corporation of Greater Mumbai due to extreme events based on socio economic indicators. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences. 42(7):907-914. [Link]
3. Archer D, Dodman D (2017). Editorial: The urbanization of humanitarian crises. Environment and Urbanization. 29(2):339-348. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0956247817722731]
4. Arimah BC (2010). The face of urban poverty: Explaining the prevalence of slums in developing countries (Working paper No: 2010/30). Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590148.003.0008]
5. Beall J (2007). Cities, terrorism and urban wars of the 21st century (Working paper No: 9, Series 2). London: Crisis States Research Center. [Link]
6. Beall J, Goodfellow T, Rodgers D (2013). Cities and conflict in fragile states in the developing world. Urban Studies. 50(15):3065-3083. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0042098013487775]
7. Bosetti L, Ivanovic A, Munshey M (2016). Fragility, risk, and resilience: A review of existing frameworks (Background Paper). New York: United Nations University Centre for Policy Research. [Link]
8. Call CT (2010). Beyond the 'Failed State': Toward conceptual alternatives. European Journal of International Relations. 17(2):303-326. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1354066109353137]
9. Carment D, Prest S, Samy Y (2010). Security, development and the fragile state: Bridging the gap between theory and policy. 1st Edition. London: Routledge. [Link] [DOI:10.4324/9780203873977]
10. Cattaneo C, Peri G (2016). The Migration response to increasing temperatures. Journal of Development Economics. 122:127-146. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004]
11. Chawla A (2017). Climate-induced migration and instability: The role of city governments (Research Discussion Paper). Vienna: One Earth Future Research. [Link] [DOI:10.18289/OEF.2017.016]
12. Collier P (2019). A new approach to state fragility. In: Coulibaly BS, editor. Foresight Africa (Top priorities for the continent in 2019). Washington DC: Brookings Institution. pp. 60-61. [Link]
13. Commins SK (2011). Urban fragility and security in Africa (Africa security brief No: 12). Washington DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies. [Link]
14. De Boer J (2015). Can cities drive sustainable development in fragile and conflict-affected states?. Tokyo: United Nations University Center for Policy Research. Available from: http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:3238#viewMetadata. [Link]
15. De Boer J (2016). Risk, resilience, and the fragile city. In: Sanderson D, Kayden J, Leis J, editors. Urban disaster resilience: New dimensions from international practice in the built environment. 1st Edition. London: Routledge. [Link]
16. De Boer J, Muggah R, Patel R (2016). Conceptualizing city fragility and resilience (Working report No: 5). New York: United Nations University Center for Policy Research. [Link]
17. De Boer J (2022). The fragile city. In: Powell M, editor. The climate city. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 279-288. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/9781119746294.ch17]
18. Devex (2016) [Internet]. Development specialists must get to grips with fragile cities [Cited 2023, 17 April]. Available from: https://www.devex.com/news/development-specialists-must-get-to-grips-with-fragile-cities-87538 [Link]
19. DFID (2005). Why we need to work more effectively in fragile states. London: Department for International Development. [Link]
20. Eskandari N, Zarabadi ZSS, Habib F (2021). A Systematic review of the fragile city concept. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development. 11(4):29-40. [Link]
21. Eskandari N, Zarabadi ZSS, Habib F (2023). Explaining the stimuli affecting the fragility of metropolises with the approach of structural analysis (Case Study: The Metropolitan City of Tehran). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards. In Press. [Persian] [Link]
22. Firouzjaian AA, Firouzjaian M, Petroudi Hashemi SH, Gholamrezazadeh F (2012). Application of interpretive structural modeling technique in tourism studies (analysis with pathological approach). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development. 2(6):129-159. [Persian] [Link]
23. FSI (2017). Fragile states index and CAST framework methodology. Washington DC: Fund for Peace. [Link]
24. Ganson B, Wennmann A (2016). Business and conflict in fragile states: The case for pragmatic solutions. 1st Edition. London: Routledge. [Link]
25. Global Agenda Council on Fragility, Violence & Conflict (2016). Responsible investment in fragile contexts. Geneva: World economic forum. [Link]
26. Grävingholt J, Ziaja S, Kreibaum M (2015). Disaggregating state fragility: A method to establish a multidimensional empirical typology. Third World Quarterly. 36(7):1281-1298. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/01436597.2015.1038340]
27. Independent Commission on Multilateralism(ICM) and International Peace Institute(IPI) (2015). Fragile states and fragile cities (independent commission on multilateralism). Discussion paper. [Link]
28. internetworldsstats (2022) [Internet]. Information Communications Technologies [cited: 2023 April 7]. Available from: https://www.internetworldstats.com/links10.htm [Link]
29. Climate-diplomacy (2019) [Internet]. SDG11 on cities- what can its role be in foreign policy and sustaining peace? [cited: 2023 April 7]. Available from: https://www.climate-diplomacy.org/news/sdg11-%E2%80%93-what-role-it-foreign-policy-and-sustaining-peace [Link]
30. Landry C, Burke T (2014). The fragile city & the risk nexus. Gloucestershire: Comedia. [Link]
31. Laniran TJ (2018). Capital flows and economic growth: Does the role of state fragility really matter for sustainability? In: fobi UR, Asongu S, editors. Financing sustainable development in Africa. London: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. 145-173. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-78843-2_7]
32. McAuliffe M, Ruhs M, editors (2018). World migration report 2018. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM). [Link] [DOI:10.1002/wom3.1]
33. Mcloughlin C (2009). Topic guide on fragile states. Birmingham: Governance and Social Development Resource Centre. [Link]
34. Miklos M, Paoliello T (2017). Fragile cities: a critical perspective on the repertoire for new urban humanitarian interventions. Contexto Internacional. 39(3):545-568. [Link] [DOI:10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390300005]
35. American Planning Association (2018) [Internet]. why cities? from fear-based interventions to sustainable solutions [Cited 2023, 10 May]. Available from: https://apapase.org/oct-17-why-cities-from-fear-based-interventions-to-sustainable-solutions/ [Link]
36. Muggah R, Jutersonke O (2012). Rethinking stabilization and humanitarian action in fragile cities. In: Perrin B, editor. Modern warefare (Armed groups, private militaries, humanitarian organizations and the law). Toronto: UBC Press. pp:311-327. [Link]
37. Muggah R (2013). The fragile city arrives. E-International Relations. Unknown Volume, issue, and pages. []
38. Muggah R (2014) .Deconstructing the fragile city: exploring insecurity, violence, and resilience. Environment and Urbanization. 26(2):345-358. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0956247814533627]
39. Foreign Affairs (2015) [Internet]. Fixing fragile cities: Solutions for urban violence and poverty [Cited 2023, 17 April]. Available from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/2015-01-15/fixing-fragile-cities [Link]
40. Muggah R (2017). These are the most fragile cities in the world-and this is what we've learned from them. Canada: Canadian Global Affairs Institute. [Link]
41. Newgeography (2020) [Internet]. Demographia world urban areas, 2020: Tokyo lead diminishing. California: Delore Zimmerman [cited 2023, 17 April]. Available from: https://www.newgeography.com/content/006693-demographia-world-urban-areas-2020-tokyo-lead-diminishing#:~:text=For%20the%20first%20time%20in,38.0%20million%20(Figure%201) [Link]
42. Nogueira JP (2017). From failed states to fragile cities: redefining spaces of humanitarian practice. Third World Quarterly. 38(7):1437-1453. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/01436597.2017.1282814]
43. OECD (2010). Conflict and fragility: Monitoring the principles for good international engagement in fragile states and situations. Country Report 4: Haiti. Paris: OECD Publishing. [Link]
44. OECD (2012). Redefining urban: A new way to measure metropolitan areas. Paris: OECD Publishing. [Link] [DOI:10.1787/9789264174108-en]
45. Okeke FO, Eziyi IO, Udeh CA, Ezema EC (2020). City as habitat: Assembling the fragile city. Civil Engineering Journal. 6(6):1143-1154. [Link] [DOI:10.28991/cej-2020-03091536]
46. Raleigh C (2015). Urban violence patterns across African states. International Studies Review. 17(1):90-106. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/misr.12206]
47. Rice SE, Patrick S (2008). Index of state weakness in the developing world. Washington DC: Foreign Policy at Brookings Institution. [Link]
48. Rodgers D (2010). Urban violence is not (necessarily) a way of life: towards a political economy of conflict in cities. Working Paper No: 20. Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590148.003.0013]
49. Rotberg RI, editor (2003). When states fail: causes and consequences. New Jeresy: Princeton University Press. [Link] [DOI:10.1515/9781400835799]
50. Rüttinger L, Smith D, Stang G, Tänzler D, Vivekananda J et al. (2015). A new climate for peace - taking action on climate and fragility risks. Berlin/London/Washington/Paris: adelphi, International Alert, The Wilson Center, EUISS. [Link]
51. Safran P, Sugiyarto G (2014). Fragility index for a differentiated approach. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank Publication. [Link]
52. Selby JD, Desouza KC (2019). Fragile cities in the developed world: A conceptual framework. Cities. 91:180-192. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2018.11.018]
53. Siegle J (2011). Stabilising fragile states. Global Dialogue. 13(1): Unknown pages. [Link]
54. Stewart F, Brown G (2010). Fragile states: CRISE Overview 3. Oxford: Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE). [Link]
55. Toly N, Tabory S (2016). 100 Top economies: Urban influence and the position of cities in an evolving world order.Chicago: The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. [Link]
56. UN Habitat (2016). Urbanization and development: emerging futures. World cities report. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (Un-Habitat). [Link]
57. USAID (2005). Fragile states strategy. In: USAID, Washington DC. 2005 [Link]
58. Vivekananda J (2020). The fragility of cities. United Nations Association-UK (UNA-UK). 2020 [Link]