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Volume 38, Issue 1 (2023)
GeoRes 2023, 38(1): 45-53 |
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Received: 2023/01/15 | Accepted: 2023/03/8 | Published: 2023/03/18
Received: 2023/01/15 | Accepted: 2023/03/8 | Published: 2023/03/18
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Moslemi A, Arghan A, Kamyabi S. Analysis of the Spatial Structure of Dilapidated Neighborhoods in Shahrood City, Iran, Based on Space Layout. GeoRes 2023; 38 (1) :45-53
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1- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Human Sciences, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
2- Department of Geography, Faculty of Human Sciences, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
2- Department of Geography, Faculty of Human Sciences, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
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Introduction
With the emergence of new patterns of urbanization worldwide and the ensuing challenges, the old and historical quarters of large cities have been more exposed than other urban areas to the adverse effects of urban development. This phenomenon has appeared in various forms in all historic cities across Europe, Asia, and generally in countries with a long history of urbanization [Abedini, 2020]. Despite their potential and inherent strengths, the old urban fabrics have faced multiple transformations over time, leading gradually to structural and functional deficiencies [Ebrahimnejad et al., 2021]. Hence, the importance and necessity of preserving old urban fabrics have always been emphasized, not only as symbolic phenomena but also as vital components for maintaining urban identity and authenticity and for improving human living environments [Ahmadi & Ahmadpour, 2018]. One of the key identity-forming factors in cities is the presence of valuable historical textures and traditional neighborhoods. Despite their historical significance, such neighborhoods currently play a limited role in shaping urban residential patterns. However, in recent decades, within the framework of sustainable development theories, renewed attention has been given to their revitalization [Mohamadi, 2014].
Urban texture refers to the scale and granularity of the built environment within a city. For instance, newly developed suburban areas often exhibit coarse-grained building patterns or homogeneous household types, whereas the central old districts display fine-grained urban fabric [Koramaz et al., 2018]. Urban fabric encompasses the interweaving of spaces and urban elements that, depending on the characteristics of the natural environment, especially topography and climate, are arranged within city blocks and neighborhoods either compactly or diffusely, following a particular order [Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2010]. The urban fabric of any city is a dynamic and evolving entity that reflects its physical condition and patterns of growth and expansion over time [Babapoor Fatehi et al., 2018]. In other words, the fabric of a city demonstrates how it has formed and developed throughout history [Abedini, 2020].
The old urban fabric represents the spatial coherence and uniformity of a residential system that belonged to an earlier social order, one whose societal structure differs from that of the contemporary era [Molaei & Kakizadeh, 2021]. These areas are characterized by authentic and traditional architectural and urban planning features. Despite their physical deterioration, such fabrics reflect the historical identity of cities and possess significant spatial, historical, and social value. These areas typically formed around the original core of the city, the historical texture, and gradually expanded from it [Yazar et al., 2019]. The historical fabric refers to those sections of contemporary cities that embody their cultural and historical values and that have emerged from the long-term interaction between humans and their surrounding environment [Bazi & Dolati, 2013]. This texture contains irreplaceable urban heritage that helps societies become aware of their cultural values and historical roots [Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2010]. Preserving them not only strengthens national pride and a sense of identity but also enhances quality of life. These historical structures belong to one of three periods of ancient, historical, or contemporary and are either nationally registered or listed among Iran’s valuable heritage assets [Ziari et al., 2014].
The “deteriorated urban fabric” refers to urban areas that, due to physical decay and inadequate vehicular access, infrastructure, and public services, are vulnerable and possess low spatial, environmental, and economic value [Faraji et al., 2017]. In other words, deteriorated or problematic fabrics are parts of urban areas in which various factors have diminished the qualitative environmental values, physical, functional, ecological, economic, and social, thus halting urban renewal and increasing residents’ inclination to migrate [Achmad et al., 2018]. Deterioration is one of the most critical issues in urban spaces, leading to disorganization, imbalance, disproportion, and spatial deformity. It erases collective memory and accelerates the decline of urban life [Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2010]. Criteria for deterioration include the absence of proper access networks, lack of services and infrastructure, and socio-economic and environmental issues. This process, progressing at a relatively fast rate, pushes urban structures toward functional obsolescence. Deterioration is generally classified into two main types [Ghadrjani & Gheytarani, 2013]. Undoubtedly, identifying the underlying causes of deterioration can aid in developing effective strategies to rehabilitate deteriorated urban fabrics. These causes span economic, social, physical, environmental, legal, and managerial dimensions and exert profound effects on the degradation of urban environments [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020].
Space represents the visible pattern of spatial organization governed by an underlying “spatial structure.” Since the 1960s, many countries have emphasized preparing foundational or structural plans, highlighting that effective urban planning requires understanding a city’s “main structure.” This understanding is particularly crucial as the increasing scale and complexity of modern cities prevent planners from designing comprehensive plans for entire urban areas. Therefore, focusing on the key elements and their interrelationships can significantly enhance urban design outcomes [Vaughan, 2007].
Spatial structure refers to the spatial positioning or arrangement of each element or phenomenon in relation to others within a given territory. In other words, it represents the spatial configuration and organization of elements across geographic space [Movahed et al., 2020]. Each structural unit, by virtue of its role and physical characteristics, possesses a distinct identity within a broader system [Karkehabadi & Mirnejad, 2020]. Consequently, every spatial structure is shaped by a set of natural, environmental, physical, economic, social, cultural, political, and administrative forces, forming a network of relationships and specific functional patterns [Ghadrjani & Gheytarani, 2013]. Another definition conceptualizes spatial structure as the vertical relationships among hierarchical spatial systems and the horizontal relationships between units, reflecting their domains of influence and territorial boundaries [Yazar et al., 2019]. Spatial structure thus refers to the arrangement and spatial distribution of components within the settlement system ,such as centers, networks, and surfaces—in relation to one another [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020]. The spatial structure of cities is a product of historical processes and dynamic socio-economic and political conditions [Ziari et al., 2014]. Some experts argue that in every city there exists a “core structure” upon which the city’s main framework has developed, while other parts form subsidiary structures [Mostafa & Hassan, 2013].
Space syntax is an advanced analytical approach used to study the spatial structure of built environments [Xu et al., 2018]. Its purpose is to describe spatial models and visualize them graphically, thereby facilitating scientific interpretation of spatial relationships [Mostafa & Hassan, 2013]. Through this technique, spatial structures are converted into graph-based patterns, enabling quantitative analysis of spatial relationships. Such analyses help identify correlations between the physical configuration of space and the behavioral patterns of its users [Farahnaki et al., 2022]. Space syntax attempts to establish a causal relationship between social structures and architectural form [Abedini, 2020]. In other words, configurational properties of space play a more significant role than its physical attributes in shaping human activities [Vaughan, 2007]. In the space syntax approach, the most critical determinant of a city’s spatial structure is the spatial arrangement and degree of connectivity among its constituent parts. Accordingly, the urban axes and open spaces play a decisive role in the overall spatial organization of cities [Abdollahi Torkamani et al., 2019].
In China, Zhuang et al. have studied deteriorated urban fabrics and found that since the late 1970s, rapid economic growth and urbanization have led to large-scale urban renewal projects. They have concluded that addressing complex urban challenges requires integrated, coordinated, and multi-dimensional strategies involving diverse stakeholders [Zhuang et al., 2019]. Similarly, Yazar et al. have reported that Istanbul has long been a focal point for urban renewal projects, which have recently gained strong support under the sustainability agenda. While sustainable urban regeneration can positively influence peace and well-being among residents, authorities’ one-dimensional approaches and lack of community participation have often led to further decline of these areas [Yazar et al., 2019]. Han and Jia, examining deteriorated fabrics in the Philippines, have emphasized that cultural heritage and historic zones must be preserved during urban interventions, as they represent valuable assets for future development [Han & Jia, 2017]. Elif et al., in their article “Urban Transformation through a Building Renewal Case in Istanbul,” concluded that urban transformation models should rely on spatial analysis, and periodic evaluations of Istanbul’s regeneration projects show favorable trends [Koramaz et al., 2018].
In Iran, Karkehabadi and Mirnejad, in their study “Factors Affecting the Vulnerability of Deteriorated Urban Fabrics in Fereydunkenar,” have found that each of the aforementioned factors significantly contributes to the vulnerability of deteriorated urban areas, albeit to varying degrees [Karkehabadi & Mirnejad, 2020]. Furthermore, Karkehabadi and Moslemi, in “Strategic Planning for Rehabilitation and Renewal of Urban Deteriorated Fabrics: The Case of Bidabad Neighborhood in Shahroud,” have reported that the area suffers from inadequate physical infrastructure, insufficient urban services, and poor utilities, leading to population decline through resident migration [Karkehabadi & Moslemi, 2020]. Additionally, Ghaane et al., in “Assessing the Potential of Urban Development Drivers in the Regeneration of Deteriorated Fabrics (Case Study: Shahjoogh Neighborhood, Semnan),” have demonstrated that large-scale development drivers (e.g., parks and landscaping) received the highest importance score (0.65), whereas small-scale drivers scored lowest (0.47). Experts and urban managers similarly have prioritized large-scale drivers such as parks, landscaping, and pedestrian pathways. Abedini’s study, “Analysis of Spatial Structure in Traditional Urban Neighborhoods Based on the Neighborhood Center System (Case Study: Sanglaj, Tehran),” have suggested that a new approach to rehabilitation models is essential for revitalizing deteriorated textures [Abedini, 2020]. Hosseinzadeh et al., using the SWOT-AHP method in “Analysis of the Spatial-Physical Structure of Deteriorated Urban Fabric,” conclude that participatory approaches emphasizing rehabilitation and renewal should be prioritized, particularly in areas adjacent to major streets that require urgent intervention [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020].
In the context of Iran’s urban structure, Shahroud is considered one of the cities with valuable cultural and traditional fabric. The deteriorated (historical) fabric of Shahroud included diverse land uses—educational, administrative, security, commercial, storage, recreational-touristic, transportation, medical, industrial, religious, and residential—demonstrating a high degree of functional diversity. Owing to its significant historical buildings and cultural heritage, this area serves as the commercial heart of the city and holds great potential for revitalizing the central urban zone. However, the poor quantitative and qualitative conditions of housing, inefficient spatial organization, inadequate land use distribution, and shortage of open urban spaces have increased its vulnerability to natural and human-made hazards. Therefore, immediate measures are required to organize and improve this district. Continued neglect of these problems has placed this area—an essential part of Shahroud’s identity and urban history on the path toward decline. Thus, developing an effective plan to address the challenges of this deteriorated fabric constitutes one of the most urgent urban projects that must be realized in the short term.
The main objective of this study is to analyze the spatial structure of the deteriorated urban fabric of Shahroud City using the space syntax approach.
Methodology
This mixed-method study was conducted during the spring and summer of 2022 (corresponding to 1401 in the Iranian calendar) using a combined space syntax analysis approach in Shahroud City. Shahroud is located in Semnan Province, on the northern edge of the vast Central Iranian Desert and the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range. Geographically, it lies at 36°25′N latitude and 54°58′E longitude, with an average elevation of 1,345.31 meters above sea level. Functioning as a key connection hub between east-west and north-south axes, the city is located 400 km from Tehran, 179 km from Semnan, 517 km from Mashhad, and 115 km from Azadshahr in Golestan Province [Valian et al., 2020].
The “axial lines” analysis method was selected as the most appropriate approach for this research. An axial map of Shahroud City was generated, representing the structure of urban open spaces based on the longest lines of sight and accessibility, ensuring that no disconnected lines were present. Spaces were modeled using the fewest and longest straight lines that cover all convex spaces [Hillier & Vaughan, 2007]. Spatial configuration elements, including global and local integration [Babapoor Fatehi et al., 2018; Fattahizadeh et al., 2021], depth [Gorginia & Amini, 2022], choice [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020], and connectivity [Babapoor Fatehi et al., 2018] were calculated for Shahroud City.
To produce the necessary maps, information layers of Shahroud City at a 1:10,000 scale were obtained from the Geographical Organization of the Iranian Armed Forces, alongside base data and land-use maps from the Shahroud County Governor’s Office.
The findings were analyzed both graphically and quantitatively by calculating spatial indices using DepthMap CityEngine 2015 software. In the structural analysis, the lines playing the most critical roles in linking urban spaces were highlighted in darker red. In the maps, red and orange colors indicate the highest values for each space syntax index.
Findings
By integrating the base maps and land-use layers of Shahroud City into the space syntax element maps, several main axial lines spanning the entire city and numerous scattered lines representing the city’s subsystems were identified. Given that the objective of the space syntax analysis was to examine the deteriorated fabric in relation to other areas of Shahroud, it was necessary to delineate the boundaries of the deteriorated fabric in comparison to surrounding districts. The most integrated lines covered the entire urban area (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Axial lines of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric and connections to other city areas
The mean integration value at radius n, or global integration, for Shahroud was 1.14 ± 0.22 (maximum 1.73, minimum 0.35). The red axes exhibited the highest levels of path integration, extending from the northern to the southern parts of the study area, whereas this was not observed in the western sector. The yellow spectrum, observed across large portions of the district, showed higher integration than the blue spectrum but lower than the red. Consequently, movement and activity along axes connected to the red axes were likely to attract higher pedestrian flow and functional activity. The yellow-green axes, concentrated primarily in the central fabric and extending slightly to the south and east, with moderate to high integration, were identified as potential loci for interaction nodes and ultimately as areas with increased spatial attractiveness (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Integration of the deteriorated urban fabric of Shahroud
The mean connectivity of Shahroud was 6.72 ± 1.34 (maximum 10, minimum 1). Access within the spatial structure and the hierarchical connection of axes were not uniform; the maximum value indicated that one axis was connected to ten other axes within direct line of sight. The red axes demonstrated the highest spatial connectivity, forming the primary hierarchy of movement and interaction within Shahroud’s spatial structure. In contrast, the blue and green axes exhibited minimal spatial connectivity. Accordingly, the western part of the study area showed higher potential for forming interaction nodes (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Connectivity of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric
The mean depth of Shahroud was 3.66 ± 0.23 (maximum 4.23, minimum 1.5). The lowest depth values corresponded to the primary structural skeleton of the fabric, whereas areas with high depth were highly prominent. In the old neighborhoods, numerous narrow streets further amplified spatial depth (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Depth of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric
The mean choice index, which is a key factor in generating movement and identifying origin-destination points, was 0.025 ± 0.133 (maximum 1.4, minimum 0.001). Given the large disparity between maximum and minimum values and the near-zero mean, only certain axes were significant for access to various parts of the city, while most routes had low functional relevance for navigating Shahroud’s urban spaces (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Axes with high choice values in Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric
Discussion
The primary aim of this study was to employ a space syntax approach to analyze the spatial structure of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric. The researchers intended to utilize this method to facilitate the revitalization of life in the old urban fabric and to create opportunities for low-income residents to inhabit these areas.
To achieve this, spatial configuration indices such as integration, connectivity, depth, and choice were evaluated. The results indicated that the spatial integration within Shahroud’s deteriorated fabric was not highly cohesive. The highest integration levels were observed in the southern parts of the deteriorated fabric, particularly along Madani Street (between Tehran Street and 15 Khordad Street). Similarly, high integration was noted on Dastgheib Street and near Shohada-ye Mehrab Park. Qodusi Boulevard and the vicinity of Mahdieh Bozorg also exhibited relatively high integration. Comparable results were reported by Poormohammadi et al. [2011], who similarly have highlighted high integration along these axes. The global integration map of the deteriorated fabric shows that the highest integration corresponds to the central areas and high-traffic streets. Software analysis revealed that Madani Street, oriented north-south, had the highest integration (1.73), whereas streets on the western periphery of the deteriorated fabric had the lowest integration (0.35), aligning with findings by Abdollahi Torkamani et al. [2019]. Although Ferdowsi and Shokri [2016] have not attributed significant importance to integration within deteriorated fabrics, these results underscore its relevance in Shahroud.
Other findings have shown that axes leading to the western sector of the deteriorated fabric, including Qodusi Boulevard and Madani Street, had the highest spatial connectivity, establishing the primary hierarchy of movement and interaction within the study area. In other words, these north-south axes play a central role in spatial accessibility. The western study area demonstrated higher spatial connectivity and greater potential for forming interaction nodes. Similar patterns, though limited, were observed in corridors in the southern and central regions, such as Foroughi Street and the Istgah intersection, 17 Shahrivar Street, Tehran Street, and axes leading to Jomhouri Square. These observations align with the findings of Karkehabadi and Moslemi [2020].
Regarding the depth index, the deteriorated fabric exhibited low cohesion. Furthermore, the choice index results suggest that only certain axes are critical for accessing various parts of the city, with key axes controlling the spatial structure of Shahroud. Notably, 22 Bahman, Qodusi, Madani, and Foroughi Streets exhibited higher choice values. These axes connect the deteriorated fabric to surrounding areas and experience the highest pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Secondary priority routes included Mazar, Istgah, Imam Khomeini Boulevard, and 17 Shahrivar Streets. Other streets held lower importance in terms of spatial choice. These results, grounded in space syntax analysis, indicate that, according to the theory of natural movement and the principle of attraction, the functional dimension of spaces increases with route choice, demonstrating the axes’ significant role in shaping Shahroud’s spatial structure. These findings are consistent with Hakimian and Lak [2019].
The space syntax method further revealed that the spatial arrangement of elements directly influences the use of large-scale spaces within the deteriorated fabric, corroborating the observations of Abdollahi Torkamani et al. [2019]. Additionally, as noted by Yaghoubi and Shams [2019] and Karkehabadi and Moslemi [2020], primary axes in deteriorated urban fabrics generally serve as key and connective routes within the city. Madani and Qodusi Streets, as north-south axes, constitute the main structural skeleton of Shahroud’s deteriorated fabric. As Fattahizadeh et al. [2021] have emphasized, deteriorated and inefficient urban fabrics constitute a substantial portion of Iranian cities. Although these areas pose significant challenges to urban management and planning and represent serious threats to overall urban systems, they also offer critical potential for population settlement, provision of open public spaces, and environmental improvement. As Gorginia and Amini [2022] have noted, any reduction in the efficiency of urban phenomena leads to their deterioration; when an area experiences decline, its urban fabric progressively decays.
A major global challenge of old urban fabrics is their incompatibility with contemporary needs. Particularly from a physical perspective, these fabrics, due to deterioration and narrow streets, lack access to modern services and facilities [Ismailpour et al., 2019]. Given the extensive problems posed by deteriorated urban fabrics, careful planning and implementation of urban development projects are crucial for addressing these issues. Based on the present study, it is conceivable that, in the near future, areas such as Mahdiabad, Havaniruz Street (Kal Shahgholi), Pardis Town, and Beheshti Town may be classified as deteriorated fabrics due to unauthorized construction.
Sajjadzadeh and Zolfighol [2016] argue that one of the modern policies in urban development, particularly in the revitalization of deteriorated fabrics, is the implementation of development-stimulating actions and projects aimed at accelerating and facilitating transformation processes. This approach is achievable through resident participation and leveraging local capacities.
To enhance cohesion and efficiency, it is recommended to increase social participation and a sense of responsibility in planning for Shahroud’s deteriorated and historic fabrics. Protecting the historic core and avoiding demolition or inappropriate changes in land use is essential for sustainable management of the city’s cultural heritage.
Conclusion
The spatial structure of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric, with its high levels of integration, connectivity, and choice, plays a fundamental role in shaping the overall spatial configuration of the city. The distribution and development of primary axes should therefore be extended from the city center toward the peripheral areas
Acknowledgments: Not reported by the authors.
Ethical Permission: Not applicable.
Conflict of Interest: Not reported by the authors.
Author Contributions: Moslemi A (first author), Main Researcher/Introduction Writer (40%); Arghan A (second author), Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst/Methodologist (30%); Kamyabi S (third author), Assistant Researcher/Discussion Writer (30%).
Funding: All rights to this research belong to the authors and to Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, with the costs covered by the first author
With the emergence of new patterns of urbanization worldwide and the ensuing challenges, the old and historical quarters of large cities have been more exposed than other urban areas to the adverse effects of urban development. This phenomenon has appeared in various forms in all historic cities across Europe, Asia, and generally in countries with a long history of urbanization [Abedini, 2020]. Despite their potential and inherent strengths, the old urban fabrics have faced multiple transformations over time, leading gradually to structural and functional deficiencies [Ebrahimnejad et al., 2021]. Hence, the importance and necessity of preserving old urban fabrics have always been emphasized, not only as symbolic phenomena but also as vital components for maintaining urban identity and authenticity and for improving human living environments [Ahmadi & Ahmadpour, 2018]. One of the key identity-forming factors in cities is the presence of valuable historical textures and traditional neighborhoods. Despite their historical significance, such neighborhoods currently play a limited role in shaping urban residential patterns. However, in recent decades, within the framework of sustainable development theories, renewed attention has been given to their revitalization [Mohamadi, 2014].
Urban texture refers to the scale and granularity of the built environment within a city. For instance, newly developed suburban areas often exhibit coarse-grained building patterns or homogeneous household types, whereas the central old districts display fine-grained urban fabric [Koramaz et al., 2018]. Urban fabric encompasses the interweaving of spaces and urban elements that, depending on the characteristics of the natural environment, especially topography and climate, are arranged within city blocks and neighborhoods either compactly or diffusely, following a particular order [Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2010]. The urban fabric of any city is a dynamic and evolving entity that reflects its physical condition and patterns of growth and expansion over time [Babapoor Fatehi et al., 2018]. In other words, the fabric of a city demonstrates how it has formed and developed throughout history [Abedini, 2020].
The old urban fabric represents the spatial coherence and uniformity of a residential system that belonged to an earlier social order, one whose societal structure differs from that of the contemporary era [Molaei & Kakizadeh, 2021]. These areas are characterized by authentic and traditional architectural and urban planning features. Despite their physical deterioration, such fabrics reflect the historical identity of cities and possess significant spatial, historical, and social value. These areas typically formed around the original core of the city, the historical texture, and gradually expanded from it [Yazar et al., 2019]. The historical fabric refers to those sections of contemporary cities that embody their cultural and historical values and that have emerged from the long-term interaction between humans and their surrounding environment [Bazi & Dolati, 2013]. This texture contains irreplaceable urban heritage that helps societies become aware of their cultural values and historical roots [Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2010]. Preserving them not only strengthens national pride and a sense of identity but also enhances quality of life. These historical structures belong to one of three periods of ancient, historical, or contemporary and are either nationally registered or listed among Iran’s valuable heritage assets [Ziari et al., 2014].
The “deteriorated urban fabric” refers to urban areas that, due to physical decay and inadequate vehicular access, infrastructure, and public services, are vulnerable and possess low spatial, environmental, and economic value [Faraji et al., 2017]. In other words, deteriorated or problematic fabrics are parts of urban areas in which various factors have diminished the qualitative environmental values, physical, functional, ecological, economic, and social, thus halting urban renewal and increasing residents’ inclination to migrate [Achmad et al., 2018]. Deterioration is one of the most critical issues in urban spaces, leading to disorganization, imbalance, disproportion, and spatial deformity. It erases collective memory and accelerates the decline of urban life [Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2010]. Criteria for deterioration include the absence of proper access networks, lack of services and infrastructure, and socio-economic and environmental issues. This process, progressing at a relatively fast rate, pushes urban structures toward functional obsolescence. Deterioration is generally classified into two main types [Ghadrjani & Gheytarani, 2013]. Undoubtedly, identifying the underlying causes of deterioration can aid in developing effective strategies to rehabilitate deteriorated urban fabrics. These causes span economic, social, physical, environmental, legal, and managerial dimensions and exert profound effects on the degradation of urban environments [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020].
Space represents the visible pattern of spatial organization governed by an underlying “spatial structure.” Since the 1960s, many countries have emphasized preparing foundational or structural plans, highlighting that effective urban planning requires understanding a city’s “main structure.” This understanding is particularly crucial as the increasing scale and complexity of modern cities prevent planners from designing comprehensive plans for entire urban areas. Therefore, focusing on the key elements and their interrelationships can significantly enhance urban design outcomes [Vaughan, 2007].
Spatial structure refers to the spatial positioning or arrangement of each element or phenomenon in relation to others within a given territory. In other words, it represents the spatial configuration and organization of elements across geographic space [Movahed et al., 2020]. Each structural unit, by virtue of its role and physical characteristics, possesses a distinct identity within a broader system [Karkehabadi & Mirnejad, 2020]. Consequently, every spatial structure is shaped by a set of natural, environmental, physical, economic, social, cultural, political, and administrative forces, forming a network of relationships and specific functional patterns [Ghadrjani & Gheytarani, 2013]. Another definition conceptualizes spatial structure as the vertical relationships among hierarchical spatial systems and the horizontal relationships between units, reflecting their domains of influence and territorial boundaries [Yazar et al., 2019]. Spatial structure thus refers to the arrangement and spatial distribution of components within the settlement system ,such as centers, networks, and surfaces—in relation to one another [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020]. The spatial structure of cities is a product of historical processes and dynamic socio-economic and political conditions [Ziari et al., 2014]. Some experts argue that in every city there exists a “core structure” upon which the city’s main framework has developed, while other parts form subsidiary structures [Mostafa & Hassan, 2013].
Space syntax is an advanced analytical approach used to study the spatial structure of built environments [Xu et al., 2018]. Its purpose is to describe spatial models and visualize them graphically, thereby facilitating scientific interpretation of spatial relationships [Mostafa & Hassan, 2013]. Through this technique, spatial structures are converted into graph-based patterns, enabling quantitative analysis of spatial relationships. Such analyses help identify correlations between the physical configuration of space and the behavioral patterns of its users [Farahnaki et al., 2022]. Space syntax attempts to establish a causal relationship between social structures and architectural form [Abedini, 2020]. In other words, configurational properties of space play a more significant role than its physical attributes in shaping human activities [Vaughan, 2007]. In the space syntax approach, the most critical determinant of a city’s spatial structure is the spatial arrangement and degree of connectivity among its constituent parts. Accordingly, the urban axes and open spaces play a decisive role in the overall spatial organization of cities [Abdollahi Torkamani et al., 2019].
In China, Zhuang et al. have studied deteriorated urban fabrics and found that since the late 1970s, rapid economic growth and urbanization have led to large-scale urban renewal projects. They have concluded that addressing complex urban challenges requires integrated, coordinated, and multi-dimensional strategies involving diverse stakeholders [Zhuang et al., 2019]. Similarly, Yazar et al. have reported that Istanbul has long been a focal point for urban renewal projects, which have recently gained strong support under the sustainability agenda. While sustainable urban regeneration can positively influence peace and well-being among residents, authorities’ one-dimensional approaches and lack of community participation have often led to further decline of these areas [Yazar et al., 2019]. Han and Jia, examining deteriorated fabrics in the Philippines, have emphasized that cultural heritage and historic zones must be preserved during urban interventions, as they represent valuable assets for future development [Han & Jia, 2017]. Elif et al., in their article “Urban Transformation through a Building Renewal Case in Istanbul,” concluded that urban transformation models should rely on spatial analysis, and periodic evaluations of Istanbul’s regeneration projects show favorable trends [Koramaz et al., 2018].
In Iran, Karkehabadi and Mirnejad, in their study “Factors Affecting the Vulnerability of Deteriorated Urban Fabrics in Fereydunkenar,” have found that each of the aforementioned factors significantly contributes to the vulnerability of deteriorated urban areas, albeit to varying degrees [Karkehabadi & Mirnejad, 2020]. Furthermore, Karkehabadi and Moslemi, in “Strategic Planning for Rehabilitation and Renewal of Urban Deteriorated Fabrics: The Case of Bidabad Neighborhood in Shahroud,” have reported that the area suffers from inadequate physical infrastructure, insufficient urban services, and poor utilities, leading to population decline through resident migration [Karkehabadi & Moslemi, 2020]. Additionally, Ghaane et al., in “Assessing the Potential of Urban Development Drivers in the Regeneration of Deteriorated Fabrics (Case Study: Shahjoogh Neighborhood, Semnan),” have demonstrated that large-scale development drivers (e.g., parks and landscaping) received the highest importance score (0.65), whereas small-scale drivers scored lowest (0.47). Experts and urban managers similarly have prioritized large-scale drivers such as parks, landscaping, and pedestrian pathways. Abedini’s study, “Analysis of Spatial Structure in Traditional Urban Neighborhoods Based on the Neighborhood Center System (Case Study: Sanglaj, Tehran),” have suggested that a new approach to rehabilitation models is essential for revitalizing deteriorated textures [Abedini, 2020]. Hosseinzadeh et al., using the SWOT-AHP method in “Analysis of the Spatial-Physical Structure of Deteriorated Urban Fabric,” conclude that participatory approaches emphasizing rehabilitation and renewal should be prioritized, particularly in areas adjacent to major streets that require urgent intervention [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020].
In the context of Iran’s urban structure, Shahroud is considered one of the cities with valuable cultural and traditional fabric. The deteriorated (historical) fabric of Shahroud included diverse land uses—educational, administrative, security, commercial, storage, recreational-touristic, transportation, medical, industrial, religious, and residential—demonstrating a high degree of functional diversity. Owing to its significant historical buildings and cultural heritage, this area serves as the commercial heart of the city and holds great potential for revitalizing the central urban zone. However, the poor quantitative and qualitative conditions of housing, inefficient spatial organization, inadequate land use distribution, and shortage of open urban spaces have increased its vulnerability to natural and human-made hazards. Therefore, immediate measures are required to organize and improve this district. Continued neglect of these problems has placed this area—an essential part of Shahroud’s identity and urban history on the path toward decline. Thus, developing an effective plan to address the challenges of this deteriorated fabric constitutes one of the most urgent urban projects that must be realized in the short term.
The main objective of this study is to analyze the spatial structure of the deteriorated urban fabric of Shahroud City using the space syntax approach.
Methodology
This mixed-method study was conducted during the spring and summer of 2022 (corresponding to 1401 in the Iranian calendar) using a combined space syntax analysis approach in Shahroud City. Shahroud is located in Semnan Province, on the northern edge of the vast Central Iranian Desert and the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range. Geographically, it lies at 36°25′N latitude and 54°58′E longitude, with an average elevation of 1,345.31 meters above sea level. Functioning as a key connection hub between east-west and north-south axes, the city is located 400 km from Tehran, 179 km from Semnan, 517 km from Mashhad, and 115 km from Azadshahr in Golestan Province [Valian et al., 2020].
The “axial lines” analysis method was selected as the most appropriate approach for this research. An axial map of Shahroud City was generated, representing the structure of urban open spaces based on the longest lines of sight and accessibility, ensuring that no disconnected lines were present. Spaces were modeled using the fewest and longest straight lines that cover all convex spaces [Hillier & Vaughan, 2007]. Spatial configuration elements, including global and local integration [Babapoor Fatehi et al., 2018; Fattahizadeh et al., 2021], depth [Gorginia & Amini, 2022], choice [Hosseinzadeh et al., 2020], and connectivity [Babapoor Fatehi et al., 2018] were calculated for Shahroud City.
To produce the necessary maps, information layers of Shahroud City at a 1:10,000 scale were obtained from the Geographical Organization of the Iranian Armed Forces, alongside base data and land-use maps from the Shahroud County Governor’s Office.
The findings were analyzed both graphically and quantitatively by calculating spatial indices using DepthMap CityEngine 2015 software. In the structural analysis, the lines playing the most critical roles in linking urban spaces were highlighted in darker red. In the maps, red and orange colors indicate the highest values for each space syntax index.
Findings
By integrating the base maps and land-use layers of Shahroud City into the space syntax element maps, several main axial lines spanning the entire city and numerous scattered lines representing the city’s subsystems were identified. Given that the objective of the space syntax analysis was to examine the deteriorated fabric in relation to other areas of Shahroud, it was necessary to delineate the boundaries of the deteriorated fabric in comparison to surrounding districts. The most integrated lines covered the entire urban area (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Axial lines of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric and connections to other city areas
The mean integration value at radius n, or global integration, for Shahroud was 1.14 ± 0.22 (maximum 1.73, minimum 0.35). The red axes exhibited the highest levels of path integration, extending from the northern to the southern parts of the study area, whereas this was not observed in the western sector. The yellow spectrum, observed across large portions of the district, showed higher integration than the blue spectrum but lower than the red. Consequently, movement and activity along axes connected to the red axes were likely to attract higher pedestrian flow and functional activity. The yellow-green axes, concentrated primarily in the central fabric and extending slightly to the south and east, with moderate to high integration, were identified as potential loci for interaction nodes and ultimately as areas with increased spatial attractiveness (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Integration of the deteriorated urban fabric of Shahroud
The mean connectivity of Shahroud was 6.72 ± 1.34 (maximum 10, minimum 1). Access within the spatial structure and the hierarchical connection of axes were not uniform; the maximum value indicated that one axis was connected to ten other axes within direct line of sight. The red axes demonstrated the highest spatial connectivity, forming the primary hierarchy of movement and interaction within Shahroud’s spatial structure. In contrast, the blue and green axes exhibited minimal spatial connectivity. Accordingly, the western part of the study area showed higher potential for forming interaction nodes (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Connectivity of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric
The mean depth of Shahroud was 3.66 ± 0.23 (maximum 4.23, minimum 1.5). The lowest depth values corresponded to the primary structural skeleton of the fabric, whereas areas with high depth were highly prominent. In the old neighborhoods, numerous narrow streets further amplified spatial depth (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Depth of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric
The mean choice index, which is a key factor in generating movement and identifying origin-destination points, was 0.025 ± 0.133 (maximum 1.4, minimum 0.001). Given the large disparity between maximum and minimum values and the near-zero mean, only certain axes were significant for access to various parts of the city, while most routes had low functional relevance for navigating Shahroud’s urban spaces (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Axes with high choice values in Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric
Discussion
The primary aim of this study was to employ a space syntax approach to analyze the spatial structure of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric. The researchers intended to utilize this method to facilitate the revitalization of life in the old urban fabric and to create opportunities for low-income residents to inhabit these areas.
To achieve this, spatial configuration indices such as integration, connectivity, depth, and choice were evaluated. The results indicated that the spatial integration within Shahroud’s deteriorated fabric was not highly cohesive. The highest integration levels were observed in the southern parts of the deteriorated fabric, particularly along Madani Street (between Tehran Street and 15 Khordad Street). Similarly, high integration was noted on Dastgheib Street and near Shohada-ye Mehrab Park. Qodusi Boulevard and the vicinity of Mahdieh Bozorg also exhibited relatively high integration. Comparable results were reported by Poormohammadi et al. [2011], who similarly have highlighted high integration along these axes. The global integration map of the deteriorated fabric shows that the highest integration corresponds to the central areas and high-traffic streets. Software analysis revealed that Madani Street, oriented north-south, had the highest integration (1.73), whereas streets on the western periphery of the deteriorated fabric had the lowest integration (0.35), aligning with findings by Abdollahi Torkamani et al. [2019]. Although Ferdowsi and Shokri [2016] have not attributed significant importance to integration within deteriorated fabrics, these results underscore its relevance in Shahroud.
Other findings have shown that axes leading to the western sector of the deteriorated fabric, including Qodusi Boulevard and Madani Street, had the highest spatial connectivity, establishing the primary hierarchy of movement and interaction within the study area. In other words, these north-south axes play a central role in spatial accessibility. The western study area demonstrated higher spatial connectivity and greater potential for forming interaction nodes. Similar patterns, though limited, were observed in corridors in the southern and central regions, such as Foroughi Street and the Istgah intersection, 17 Shahrivar Street, Tehran Street, and axes leading to Jomhouri Square. These observations align with the findings of Karkehabadi and Moslemi [2020].
Regarding the depth index, the deteriorated fabric exhibited low cohesion. Furthermore, the choice index results suggest that only certain axes are critical for accessing various parts of the city, with key axes controlling the spatial structure of Shahroud. Notably, 22 Bahman, Qodusi, Madani, and Foroughi Streets exhibited higher choice values. These axes connect the deteriorated fabric to surrounding areas and experience the highest pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Secondary priority routes included Mazar, Istgah, Imam Khomeini Boulevard, and 17 Shahrivar Streets. Other streets held lower importance in terms of spatial choice. These results, grounded in space syntax analysis, indicate that, according to the theory of natural movement and the principle of attraction, the functional dimension of spaces increases with route choice, demonstrating the axes’ significant role in shaping Shahroud’s spatial structure. These findings are consistent with Hakimian and Lak [2019].
The space syntax method further revealed that the spatial arrangement of elements directly influences the use of large-scale spaces within the deteriorated fabric, corroborating the observations of Abdollahi Torkamani et al. [2019]. Additionally, as noted by Yaghoubi and Shams [2019] and Karkehabadi and Moslemi [2020], primary axes in deteriorated urban fabrics generally serve as key and connective routes within the city. Madani and Qodusi Streets, as north-south axes, constitute the main structural skeleton of Shahroud’s deteriorated fabric. As Fattahizadeh et al. [2021] have emphasized, deteriorated and inefficient urban fabrics constitute a substantial portion of Iranian cities. Although these areas pose significant challenges to urban management and planning and represent serious threats to overall urban systems, they also offer critical potential for population settlement, provision of open public spaces, and environmental improvement. As Gorginia and Amini [2022] have noted, any reduction in the efficiency of urban phenomena leads to their deterioration; when an area experiences decline, its urban fabric progressively decays.
A major global challenge of old urban fabrics is their incompatibility with contemporary needs. Particularly from a physical perspective, these fabrics, due to deterioration and narrow streets, lack access to modern services and facilities [Ismailpour et al., 2019]. Given the extensive problems posed by deteriorated urban fabrics, careful planning and implementation of urban development projects are crucial for addressing these issues. Based on the present study, it is conceivable that, in the near future, areas such as Mahdiabad, Havaniruz Street (Kal Shahgholi), Pardis Town, and Beheshti Town may be classified as deteriorated fabrics due to unauthorized construction.
Sajjadzadeh and Zolfighol [2016] argue that one of the modern policies in urban development, particularly in the revitalization of deteriorated fabrics, is the implementation of development-stimulating actions and projects aimed at accelerating and facilitating transformation processes. This approach is achievable through resident participation and leveraging local capacities.
To enhance cohesion and efficiency, it is recommended to increase social participation and a sense of responsibility in planning for Shahroud’s deteriorated and historic fabrics. Protecting the historic core and avoiding demolition or inappropriate changes in land use is essential for sustainable management of the city’s cultural heritage.
Conclusion
The spatial structure of Shahroud’s deteriorated urban fabric, with its high levels of integration, connectivity, and choice, plays a fundamental role in shaping the overall spatial configuration of the city. The distribution and development of primary axes should therefore be extended from the city center toward the peripheral areas
Acknowledgments: Not reported by the authors.
Ethical Permission: Not applicable.
Conflict of Interest: Not reported by the authors.
Author Contributions: Moslemi A (first author), Main Researcher/Introduction Writer (40%); Arghan A (second author), Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst/Methodologist (30%); Kamyabi S (third author), Assistant Researcher/Discussion Writer (30%).
Funding: All rights to this research belong to the authors and to Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, with the costs covered by the first author
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