Bilingual
En/Fa
Geographical Research is Published in both Persian and English Full-text.
Volume 37, Issue 3 (2022)
GeoRes 2022, 37(3): 459-466 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2022/06/10 | Accepted: 2022/08/29 | Published: 2022/07/1
Received: 2022/06/10 | Accepted: 2022/08/29 | Published: 2022/07/1
How to cite this article
Montazeri Shahtouri M, Estelagi A, Vali Shariatpanahi M. An Analyses of Tourism Development in Iran Emphasizing Eco-Tourism Resorts. GeoRes 2022; 37 (3) :459-466
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1373-en.html
URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1373-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
1- Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Human Geography Department, Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Human Geography Department, Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Full-Text (HTML) (203 Views)
Introduction
Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries worldwide and represents a major source of foreign exchange earnings and job creation. The tourism industry of each country is rooted in its people, places, heritage, and values. Today, tourism has attracted considerable global attention, and many countries have recognized its importance. Tourism is introduced as a key driver of sustainable development, encompassing economic, social, and environmental dimensions [Sgroi, 2020]. Tourism exerts both positive and negative impacts on the environment and host communities [Ehigiamusoe, 2020]. Ignoring the impacts of tourism development without proper management can cause serious damage to the environment, culture, and host societies [Blancas et al., 2011]. Accordingly, the importance of sustainable tourism development has become increasingly evident. By emphasizing the need to manage the environmental, economic, social, and cultural impacts of tourism on destination communities, tourism development contributes to improving and enhancing existing conditions within societies [Toivonen, 2020].
Ecotourism is a practical and significant concept for ensuring the sustainable development of tourism in a region [Phelan et al., 2020]. The initial spark of the ecotourism concept emerged from the idea of reconciliation with nature [Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996]. Ecotourism represents a sustainable approach aimed at creating balance among economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions of development [Sahani, 2021]. The prosperity of the tourism industry, including ecotourism, requires the fulfillment of economic, cultural, and political prerequisites; however, political will is considered the most critical factor in some countries, including Iran.
Iran is one of the most important and potentially significant tourism hubs in the world. The country possesses numerous ecotourism potentials, such as pristine and attractive natural landscapes, diverse and favorable climatic conditions, rich plant and animal biodiversity, and a wide range of traditional cultures. Therefore, among various forms of tourism, ecotourism offers greater opportunities to contribute to national development [Hosseini & Paydar, 2021]. Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the natural environment and enhances the well-being of local communities [Moons et al., 2020]. In other words, ecotourism involves travel undertaken to study, admire, appreciate, and enjoy natural landscapes, observe flora and fauna, and become familiar with the cultural characteristics of different local communities, both past and present [Hosseini & Paydar, 2021]. Given the significant positive impacts of ecotourism development and the growing public interest in traveling to natural and pristine areas, the improvement and expansion of ecotourism with due consideration of ecosystems is essential [Gigovic et al., 2016]. The main positive effects of ecotourism for a region include economic improvement, cultural exchange, and conservation of natural resources [Omarzadeh et al., 2021].
Selecting suitable locations for sustainable ecotourism development depends on a comprehensive assessment of socio-geographical issues and the supportive role of local governments in providing infrastructure [Hashemi & Habibi, 2016]. Such infrastructure includes physical facilities (e.g., hotels, restaurants, roads, and water supply), local cultural assets (e.g., social life, festivals, traditional arts, clothing, and cuisine), services (e.g., banking, travel agencies, and tour guiding), and governmental functions (e.g., security facilities, legislation, and visa services). One of the fundamental pillars of the tourism industry is accommodation, which provides comfort, convenience, and satisfaction for tourists. The term ecolodge was formally introduced to the tourism field during the first international symposium of professional ecology associations. Ecolodges are accommodations established in natural and rural environments in compliance with environmental regulations and in harmony with indigenous architecture and the natural landscape. They may also include historic and traditional rural houses that have been renovated and repurposed for accommodation. Through close interaction with local communities, these facilities provide high-quality and well-defined lodging experiences for nature tourists in natural and rural settings [Sahani, 2021]. The primary emphasis is placed on integrating such accommodations with the surrounding natural environment and ensuring sustainable environmental management [Mafi et al., 2021].
Ecotourism demonstrates a strong preference for pristine areas; therefore, the initial focus should be on tourist accommodation and the provision of novel experiences. The benefits accruing to pristine regions through ecotourism lie in the fact that, due to its resource-based nature, the conservation of natural and archaeological resources is fundamental to sustainable ecotourism. Consequently, many conservation organizations regard ecotourism as an effective tool for the protection and development of remote areas.
The expansion and diversification of accommodation facilities can play a substantial role in the development and improvement of urban, rural, and indigenous areas. Hence, it is essential to systematically identify and assess the capabilities and potentials of tourism accommodations at national and regional levels and to propose appropriate strategies for the development of this major industry, thereby contributing effectively to tourism development and economic growth. Despite numerous challenges facing tourism development in the country and the lack of sufficient capacities to advance various industries, ecotourism development can play a significant role in revitalizing urban and rural economies and act as an effective step toward tourism development by generating multiplier effects.
Nevertheless, despite existing capacities and potentials, no comprehensive plan has yet been formulated for tourism development and the diversification of accommodation facilities. Therefore, considering rapid urban population growth, increasing urban challenges, inadequate planning, and the limited success of previously implemented programs for the development of tourism destination areas, it is necessary to propose new approaches based on the capacity for ecolodge development across Iranian provinces. Such approaches would enable the rational utilization of existing and potential resources, address some tourism-related challenges, and contribute to the development and transformation of urban and rural areas. In this context, the development of ecolodges in urban and rural areas is regarded as a new strategy for ecotourism development and can play a major role in promoting sustainable tourism.
The aim of this study was to evaluate ecotourism potential and the capacity for establishing ecolodges across the provinces of Iran.
Methodology
This descriptive–analytical study was conducted in 2022–2023 at the national level across the provinces of Iran. In this regard, natural, historical, and man-made attractions, accommodation management, and infrastructure factors related to ecolodge complexes were examined as key determinants influencing ecotourism development. The relevant criteria were identified based on a review of the research literature, reports from cultural heritage and tourism organizations, and statistical yearbooks.
A combined approach using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Shannon entropy was employed. Shannon entropy was applied to determine the weights of the criteria used in the TOPSIS method, and the final ranking of provinces was obtained based on the selected criteria. In this process, the opinions of 98 tourism experts working in provincial tourism departments were considered. The list of experts was compiled through consultation with cultural heritage and tourism organizations to obtain employees’ email addresses, as well as by reviewing researchers’ academic backgrounds in the field of tourism, using simple random sampling. Given the extensive study area and limited accessibility, expert opinions were collected via email to evaluate the decision matrix. Of the 98 experts contacted, 77 responded; therefore, the evaluation of the factor matrix was completed based on their responses.
Finally, the provinces were ranked according to the weights derived from the entropy method and the calculations of the TOPSIS technique. Subsequently, in a GIS environment, the information layers of all factors were integrated, and the final zoning map illustrating the capacity for ecolodge development across the country was produced.
Findings
The evaluation criteria related to attractions and the influencing factors were normalized, and the weights of each criterion were calculated using the Shannon entropy method. Based on the calculations, Yazd, Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, and Mazandaran provinces achieved the highest rankings in terms of tourism attraction capacity, whereas Semnan, Khuzestan, Ilam, Qom, and Hormozgan ranked lowest. With respect to historical and man-made attraction capacity, Yazd ranked first; however, it ranked fifth in terms of infrastructure. In contrast, Lorestan obtained the lowest rank both in tourism attractions and infrastructure. Overall, Tehran, Yazd, and Isfahan achieved the highest scores for ecolodge development potential across the evaluated criteria. Regarding infrastructure capacity, Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Qazvin, and Yazd ranked highest, while Lorestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Ilam, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad ranked lowest. In terms of ecolodge management capacity, Tehran, Isfahan, North Khorasan, Yazd, and South Khorasan showed higher capacity, whereas Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Kermanshah, and South Khorasan demonstrated lower capacity.
To produce the final zoning map, the information layers related to infrastructure, management, and ecotourism attractions across Iranian provinces were integrated within a GIS environment. Provinces with higher development capacity received lower ranks, while those with lower capacity received higher ranks. The results indicated that the highest potential for ecolodge development, considering infrastructure, accommodation management, and tourism attraction criteria, was observed in Yazd, Isfahan, Tehran, Fars, and North Khorasan provinces. Conversely, the lowest potential for ecolodge development was identified in Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan provinces.
Discussion
The objective of this study was to assess ecotourism potential and the capacity for establishing ecolodges across the provinces of Iran. Natural landscape beauty, climatic characteristics, socio-cultural environments, scenic qualities, and diverse tourism activities are among the factors that attract both domestic and international tourists. Ecotourism is considered one of the most valuable branches of tourism, and ecolodges represent one of the most effective tools for managing cultural tourism and attracting environmentally and culturally motivated tourists. These accommodations play a significant role in the development of local communities and in enhancing their participation in tourism activities. Ecolodges encompass a wide range of facilities, including traditional cottages and houses, guesthouses, eco-camps, rural ecotourism facilities, organic farms, and traditional hotels. The development of such accommodations requires adherence to specific cultural, economic, managerial, environmental, and social principles and criteria in both construction and management [Rostampisheh et al., 2019]. Numerous factors influence the ability of ecolodges to attract tourists, and the establishment and expansion of these facilities in rural areas inevitably generate substantial economic, social, and environmental impacts, benefiting the country’s geographical space as a whole.
The first and perhaps most important determinant of ecolodge development capacity aimed at attracting domestic and international tourists is the presence of natural attractions. In fact, the structure of an ecolodge is closely intertwined with its identity. Ecolodges are typically established in natural and rural environments in compliance with environmental regulations and in harmony with the natural landscape, or they consist of renovated historical and traditional rural houses that are repurposed for tourist accommodation. Through interaction with local communities, these facilities provide suitable-quality lodging experiences for nature tourists in natural settings. Consequently, the presence of natural attractions, such as desert plains, is a critical factor in developing accommodations aligned with the natural capacity of the environment. In such cases, environmental conservation and minimizing ecological impacts during construction are defining characteristics of ecolodge development. In this study, the capacity of natural attractions influencing ecolodge establishment was highest in Yazd, Isfahan, Fars, Kerman, and Mazandaran provinces.
Yazd Province, with its numerous historical attractions and heritage of more than two thousand ancient structures, is considered one of Iran’s ancient regions. In addition to its historical significance, its geographical and climatic characteristics, such as extensive deserts and abundant sunshine, provide strong motivation for international, particularly European, tourists. Traditional architecture and the use of indigenous materials, which are essential elements in ecolodge development, are well preserved in this province. Yazd has also been recognized by UNESCO as the world’s second historical city after Venice, Italy. Consistent with the findings of this study, previous research has identified Yazd as one of Iran’s provinces with considerable ecotourism capacity [Mavedat & Maleki, 2015; Mervati Sharifabadi, 2016]. Isfahan [Nadeali & Movahedi, 2012], Fars [Saraie & Shamshiri, 2013], Kerman [Kamandar et al., 2022], and Mazandaran [Sajadian & Sajadian, 2011] have also been ranked among the top provinces in terms of tourism attractions.
According to the results, the highest potential for ecolodge development was found in Yazd, Isfahan, Tehran, Fars, and North Khorasan, whereas the lowest potential was observed in Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan provinces.
Tourism infrastructure refers to all facilities required by tourists during their trips, including transportation networks, accommodation and catering facilities, and diverse commercial and recreational spaces. Although tourism facilities are not the primary factor attracting tourists, they play a crucial role in travel motivation, length of stay, and overall tourist satisfaction. In terms of tourism service infrastructure, Iran demonstrates relatively weak performance, ranking 116th globally. The development of accommodation spaces, together with infrastructure services such as access to water, electricity, internet, healthcare, and transportation, is particularly important for attracting tourists to ecolodge complexes. In this study, Lorestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Ilam, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad ranked lowest in terms of suitable infrastructure capacity for ecolodge development, indicating a need for special attention to improving tourism service quality in these regions. Khadaroo and Seetanah [2007] have identified the lack of transportation infrastructure as a major reason for tourists not visiting certain destinations. Infrastructure limitations, along with distance, relative prices, and tourists’ income levels, are key determinants of tourism demand. Other studies have similarly emphasized the role of infrastructure in ecotourism development [Naudé & Saayman, 2005; Adeola et al., 2017; Adeola & Evans, 2020]. The growth of tourism-related services contributes to job creation, unemployment reduction, increased household income, and improved welfare, health, and environmental quality. Currently, insufficient planning and scientific oversight in tourism land-use allocation, as well as the absence or shortage of certain tourism services, constitute major barriers to ecotourism development. Tourism infrastructure includes the core facilities, equipment, systems, processes, and resources necessary for the functioning of tourism destinations, such as roads, railways, airports, ports, healthcare systems, and public services. Successful tourism development increasingly requires intensive investment in infrastructure modernization as a fundamental prerequisite, as higher levels of tourism infrastructure development can enhance the efficiency of tourism service production and distribution.
Another key factor in ecolodge development is accommodation management, which is influenced by multiple variables. Accommodation complexes are generally categorized into indigenous–local lodges and purpose-built lodges in tourism areas. Community participation is particularly important in indigenous–local accommodations. Local residents can participate in various ways, including providing lodging facilities, often through renovated traditional houses. Moreover, community involvement in cultural ceremonies, festivals, and the production of unique local handicrafts has increased. Ecolodges are not limited to accommodation functions; they also offer activities such as serving traditional food and beverages, producing, teaching, and selling local handicrafts, performing traditional music and shows, organizing local events, and conducting ecotourism tours and activities. Lamnadi [2017] have emphasized that community participation in tourism activities is the most fundamental principle of ecolodge development. Ecolodges are developed based on indigenous knowledge and local traditions, respecting the accumulated experiences of rural communities over centuries. By bringing tourism services, traditionally concentrated in urban areas, into rural regions, ecolodges contribute to genuine rural development. This perspective on tourism encourages the systematic study of traditional tourist accommodation within ecotourism spaces, facilitating cultural interactions, enhancing the expression of social and behavioral authenticity to tourists, strengthening tourist motivation, and promoting familiarity with the country’s natural, social, and cultural assets. Ultimately, this development-oriented approach generates economic and cultural vitality for local communities.
Finally, the essential requirements for ecotourism planning, development, and management include sustainable resource management and conservation of natural areas. Sustainable ecotourism development necessitates the preservation of natural, cultural, and other resources to meet the needs of local communities without compromising future generations. Ecotourism is fundamentally grounded in the concept of sustainable development, as ecotourism activities are intrinsically linked to natural environments, historical heritage, and cultural patterns of destination areas.
Conclusion
Iran is a mosaic of historical, geographical, natural, cultural, social, and economic diversity. Therefore, in a country where diversity constitutes a fundamental basis of life, tourism development cannot be pursued through uniform and standardized models. If the goal is to establish diverse tourism brands across different seasons and regions of Iran, it is essential to adopt an ecotourism development approach grounded in the identities, assets, and historical and geographical trajectories of the country’s various regions. The development of ecolodges represents an effective strategy for promoting ecotourism, which can be achieved by considering multiple factors, including natural attractions, accommodation management, and infrastructure development. According to the results of this study, Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan provinces exhibit the lowest capacity for ecolodge development and therefore require targeted planning and appropriate strategies to enhance this capacity.
Acknowledgments: The authors report no acknowledgments.
Ethical Permission: The authors report no ethical approval applicable to this study.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author Contributions: Montazeri Shatouri M (First Author), Introduction Writer/Principal Researcher (30%); Estelagi A (Second Author), Methodologist / Discussion Writer (35%); Vali Shariatpanahi M (Third Author), Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (35%)
Funding: The authors report no funding for this study.
Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries worldwide and represents a major source of foreign exchange earnings and job creation. The tourism industry of each country is rooted in its people, places, heritage, and values. Today, tourism has attracted considerable global attention, and many countries have recognized its importance. Tourism is introduced as a key driver of sustainable development, encompassing economic, social, and environmental dimensions [Sgroi, 2020]. Tourism exerts both positive and negative impacts on the environment and host communities [Ehigiamusoe, 2020]. Ignoring the impacts of tourism development without proper management can cause serious damage to the environment, culture, and host societies [Blancas et al., 2011]. Accordingly, the importance of sustainable tourism development has become increasingly evident. By emphasizing the need to manage the environmental, economic, social, and cultural impacts of tourism on destination communities, tourism development contributes to improving and enhancing existing conditions within societies [Toivonen, 2020].
Ecotourism is a practical and significant concept for ensuring the sustainable development of tourism in a region [Phelan et al., 2020]. The initial spark of the ecotourism concept emerged from the idea of reconciliation with nature [Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996]. Ecotourism represents a sustainable approach aimed at creating balance among economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions of development [Sahani, 2021]. The prosperity of the tourism industry, including ecotourism, requires the fulfillment of economic, cultural, and political prerequisites; however, political will is considered the most critical factor in some countries, including Iran.
Iran is one of the most important and potentially significant tourism hubs in the world. The country possesses numerous ecotourism potentials, such as pristine and attractive natural landscapes, diverse and favorable climatic conditions, rich plant and animal biodiversity, and a wide range of traditional cultures. Therefore, among various forms of tourism, ecotourism offers greater opportunities to contribute to national development [Hosseini & Paydar, 2021]. Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the natural environment and enhances the well-being of local communities [Moons et al., 2020]. In other words, ecotourism involves travel undertaken to study, admire, appreciate, and enjoy natural landscapes, observe flora and fauna, and become familiar with the cultural characteristics of different local communities, both past and present [Hosseini & Paydar, 2021]. Given the significant positive impacts of ecotourism development and the growing public interest in traveling to natural and pristine areas, the improvement and expansion of ecotourism with due consideration of ecosystems is essential [Gigovic et al., 2016]. The main positive effects of ecotourism for a region include economic improvement, cultural exchange, and conservation of natural resources [Omarzadeh et al., 2021].
Selecting suitable locations for sustainable ecotourism development depends on a comprehensive assessment of socio-geographical issues and the supportive role of local governments in providing infrastructure [Hashemi & Habibi, 2016]. Such infrastructure includes physical facilities (e.g., hotels, restaurants, roads, and water supply), local cultural assets (e.g., social life, festivals, traditional arts, clothing, and cuisine), services (e.g., banking, travel agencies, and tour guiding), and governmental functions (e.g., security facilities, legislation, and visa services). One of the fundamental pillars of the tourism industry is accommodation, which provides comfort, convenience, and satisfaction for tourists. The term ecolodge was formally introduced to the tourism field during the first international symposium of professional ecology associations. Ecolodges are accommodations established in natural and rural environments in compliance with environmental regulations and in harmony with indigenous architecture and the natural landscape. They may also include historic and traditional rural houses that have been renovated and repurposed for accommodation. Through close interaction with local communities, these facilities provide high-quality and well-defined lodging experiences for nature tourists in natural and rural settings [Sahani, 2021]. The primary emphasis is placed on integrating such accommodations with the surrounding natural environment and ensuring sustainable environmental management [Mafi et al., 2021].
Ecotourism demonstrates a strong preference for pristine areas; therefore, the initial focus should be on tourist accommodation and the provision of novel experiences. The benefits accruing to pristine regions through ecotourism lie in the fact that, due to its resource-based nature, the conservation of natural and archaeological resources is fundamental to sustainable ecotourism. Consequently, many conservation organizations regard ecotourism as an effective tool for the protection and development of remote areas.
The expansion and diversification of accommodation facilities can play a substantial role in the development and improvement of urban, rural, and indigenous areas. Hence, it is essential to systematically identify and assess the capabilities and potentials of tourism accommodations at national and regional levels and to propose appropriate strategies for the development of this major industry, thereby contributing effectively to tourism development and economic growth. Despite numerous challenges facing tourism development in the country and the lack of sufficient capacities to advance various industries, ecotourism development can play a significant role in revitalizing urban and rural economies and act as an effective step toward tourism development by generating multiplier effects.
Nevertheless, despite existing capacities and potentials, no comprehensive plan has yet been formulated for tourism development and the diversification of accommodation facilities. Therefore, considering rapid urban population growth, increasing urban challenges, inadequate planning, and the limited success of previously implemented programs for the development of tourism destination areas, it is necessary to propose new approaches based on the capacity for ecolodge development across Iranian provinces. Such approaches would enable the rational utilization of existing and potential resources, address some tourism-related challenges, and contribute to the development and transformation of urban and rural areas. In this context, the development of ecolodges in urban and rural areas is regarded as a new strategy for ecotourism development and can play a major role in promoting sustainable tourism.
The aim of this study was to evaluate ecotourism potential and the capacity for establishing ecolodges across the provinces of Iran.
Methodology
This descriptive–analytical study was conducted in 2022–2023 at the national level across the provinces of Iran. In this regard, natural, historical, and man-made attractions, accommodation management, and infrastructure factors related to ecolodge complexes were examined as key determinants influencing ecotourism development. The relevant criteria were identified based on a review of the research literature, reports from cultural heritage and tourism organizations, and statistical yearbooks.
A combined approach using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Shannon entropy was employed. Shannon entropy was applied to determine the weights of the criteria used in the TOPSIS method, and the final ranking of provinces was obtained based on the selected criteria. In this process, the opinions of 98 tourism experts working in provincial tourism departments were considered. The list of experts was compiled through consultation with cultural heritage and tourism organizations to obtain employees’ email addresses, as well as by reviewing researchers’ academic backgrounds in the field of tourism, using simple random sampling. Given the extensive study area and limited accessibility, expert opinions were collected via email to evaluate the decision matrix. Of the 98 experts contacted, 77 responded; therefore, the evaluation of the factor matrix was completed based on their responses.
Finally, the provinces were ranked according to the weights derived from the entropy method and the calculations of the TOPSIS technique. Subsequently, in a GIS environment, the information layers of all factors were integrated, and the final zoning map illustrating the capacity for ecolodge development across the country was produced.
Findings
The evaluation criteria related to attractions and the influencing factors were normalized, and the weights of each criterion were calculated using the Shannon entropy method. Based on the calculations, Yazd, Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, and Mazandaran provinces achieved the highest rankings in terms of tourism attraction capacity, whereas Semnan, Khuzestan, Ilam, Qom, and Hormozgan ranked lowest. With respect to historical and man-made attraction capacity, Yazd ranked first; however, it ranked fifth in terms of infrastructure. In contrast, Lorestan obtained the lowest rank both in tourism attractions and infrastructure. Overall, Tehran, Yazd, and Isfahan achieved the highest scores for ecolodge development potential across the evaluated criteria. Regarding infrastructure capacity, Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Qazvin, and Yazd ranked highest, while Lorestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Ilam, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad ranked lowest. In terms of ecolodge management capacity, Tehran, Isfahan, North Khorasan, Yazd, and South Khorasan showed higher capacity, whereas Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Kermanshah, and South Khorasan demonstrated lower capacity.
To produce the final zoning map, the information layers related to infrastructure, management, and ecotourism attractions across Iranian provinces were integrated within a GIS environment. Provinces with higher development capacity received lower ranks, while those with lower capacity received higher ranks. The results indicated that the highest potential for ecolodge development, considering infrastructure, accommodation management, and tourism attraction criteria, was observed in Yazd, Isfahan, Tehran, Fars, and North Khorasan provinces. Conversely, the lowest potential for ecolodge development was identified in Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan provinces.
Discussion
The objective of this study was to assess ecotourism potential and the capacity for establishing ecolodges across the provinces of Iran. Natural landscape beauty, climatic characteristics, socio-cultural environments, scenic qualities, and diverse tourism activities are among the factors that attract both domestic and international tourists. Ecotourism is considered one of the most valuable branches of tourism, and ecolodges represent one of the most effective tools for managing cultural tourism and attracting environmentally and culturally motivated tourists. These accommodations play a significant role in the development of local communities and in enhancing their participation in tourism activities. Ecolodges encompass a wide range of facilities, including traditional cottages and houses, guesthouses, eco-camps, rural ecotourism facilities, organic farms, and traditional hotels. The development of such accommodations requires adherence to specific cultural, economic, managerial, environmental, and social principles and criteria in both construction and management [Rostampisheh et al., 2019]. Numerous factors influence the ability of ecolodges to attract tourists, and the establishment and expansion of these facilities in rural areas inevitably generate substantial economic, social, and environmental impacts, benefiting the country’s geographical space as a whole.
The first and perhaps most important determinant of ecolodge development capacity aimed at attracting domestic and international tourists is the presence of natural attractions. In fact, the structure of an ecolodge is closely intertwined with its identity. Ecolodges are typically established in natural and rural environments in compliance with environmental regulations and in harmony with the natural landscape, or they consist of renovated historical and traditional rural houses that are repurposed for tourist accommodation. Through interaction with local communities, these facilities provide suitable-quality lodging experiences for nature tourists in natural settings. Consequently, the presence of natural attractions, such as desert plains, is a critical factor in developing accommodations aligned with the natural capacity of the environment. In such cases, environmental conservation and minimizing ecological impacts during construction are defining characteristics of ecolodge development. In this study, the capacity of natural attractions influencing ecolodge establishment was highest in Yazd, Isfahan, Fars, Kerman, and Mazandaran provinces.
Yazd Province, with its numerous historical attractions and heritage of more than two thousand ancient structures, is considered one of Iran’s ancient regions. In addition to its historical significance, its geographical and climatic characteristics, such as extensive deserts and abundant sunshine, provide strong motivation for international, particularly European, tourists. Traditional architecture and the use of indigenous materials, which are essential elements in ecolodge development, are well preserved in this province. Yazd has also been recognized by UNESCO as the world’s second historical city after Venice, Italy. Consistent with the findings of this study, previous research has identified Yazd as one of Iran’s provinces with considerable ecotourism capacity [Mavedat & Maleki, 2015; Mervati Sharifabadi, 2016]. Isfahan [Nadeali & Movahedi, 2012], Fars [Saraie & Shamshiri, 2013], Kerman [Kamandar et al., 2022], and Mazandaran [Sajadian & Sajadian, 2011] have also been ranked among the top provinces in terms of tourism attractions.
According to the results, the highest potential for ecolodge development was found in Yazd, Isfahan, Tehran, Fars, and North Khorasan, whereas the lowest potential was observed in Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan provinces.
Tourism infrastructure refers to all facilities required by tourists during their trips, including transportation networks, accommodation and catering facilities, and diverse commercial and recreational spaces. Although tourism facilities are not the primary factor attracting tourists, they play a crucial role in travel motivation, length of stay, and overall tourist satisfaction. In terms of tourism service infrastructure, Iran demonstrates relatively weak performance, ranking 116th globally. The development of accommodation spaces, together with infrastructure services such as access to water, electricity, internet, healthcare, and transportation, is particularly important for attracting tourists to ecolodge complexes. In this study, Lorestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Ilam, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad ranked lowest in terms of suitable infrastructure capacity for ecolodge development, indicating a need for special attention to improving tourism service quality in these regions. Khadaroo and Seetanah [2007] have identified the lack of transportation infrastructure as a major reason for tourists not visiting certain destinations. Infrastructure limitations, along with distance, relative prices, and tourists’ income levels, are key determinants of tourism demand. Other studies have similarly emphasized the role of infrastructure in ecotourism development [Naudé & Saayman, 2005; Adeola et al., 2017; Adeola & Evans, 2020]. The growth of tourism-related services contributes to job creation, unemployment reduction, increased household income, and improved welfare, health, and environmental quality. Currently, insufficient planning and scientific oversight in tourism land-use allocation, as well as the absence or shortage of certain tourism services, constitute major barriers to ecotourism development. Tourism infrastructure includes the core facilities, equipment, systems, processes, and resources necessary for the functioning of tourism destinations, such as roads, railways, airports, ports, healthcare systems, and public services. Successful tourism development increasingly requires intensive investment in infrastructure modernization as a fundamental prerequisite, as higher levels of tourism infrastructure development can enhance the efficiency of tourism service production and distribution.
Another key factor in ecolodge development is accommodation management, which is influenced by multiple variables. Accommodation complexes are generally categorized into indigenous–local lodges and purpose-built lodges in tourism areas. Community participation is particularly important in indigenous–local accommodations. Local residents can participate in various ways, including providing lodging facilities, often through renovated traditional houses. Moreover, community involvement in cultural ceremonies, festivals, and the production of unique local handicrafts has increased. Ecolodges are not limited to accommodation functions; they also offer activities such as serving traditional food and beverages, producing, teaching, and selling local handicrafts, performing traditional music and shows, organizing local events, and conducting ecotourism tours and activities. Lamnadi [2017] have emphasized that community participation in tourism activities is the most fundamental principle of ecolodge development. Ecolodges are developed based on indigenous knowledge and local traditions, respecting the accumulated experiences of rural communities over centuries. By bringing tourism services, traditionally concentrated in urban areas, into rural regions, ecolodges contribute to genuine rural development. This perspective on tourism encourages the systematic study of traditional tourist accommodation within ecotourism spaces, facilitating cultural interactions, enhancing the expression of social and behavioral authenticity to tourists, strengthening tourist motivation, and promoting familiarity with the country’s natural, social, and cultural assets. Ultimately, this development-oriented approach generates economic and cultural vitality for local communities.
Finally, the essential requirements for ecotourism planning, development, and management include sustainable resource management and conservation of natural areas. Sustainable ecotourism development necessitates the preservation of natural, cultural, and other resources to meet the needs of local communities without compromising future generations. Ecotourism is fundamentally grounded in the concept of sustainable development, as ecotourism activities are intrinsically linked to natural environments, historical heritage, and cultural patterns of destination areas.
Conclusion
Iran is a mosaic of historical, geographical, natural, cultural, social, and economic diversity. Therefore, in a country where diversity constitutes a fundamental basis of life, tourism development cannot be pursued through uniform and standardized models. If the goal is to establish diverse tourism brands across different seasons and regions of Iran, it is essential to adopt an ecotourism development approach grounded in the identities, assets, and historical and geographical trajectories of the country’s various regions. The development of ecolodges represents an effective strategy for promoting ecotourism, which can be achieved by considering multiple factors, including natural attractions, accommodation management, and infrastructure development. According to the results of this study, Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan provinces exhibit the lowest capacity for ecolodge development and therefore require targeted planning and appropriate strategies to enhance this capacity.
Acknowledgments: The authors report no acknowledgments.
Ethical Permission: The authors report no ethical approval applicable to this study.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author Contributions: Montazeri Shatouri M (First Author), Introduction Writer/Principal Researcher (30%); Estelagi A (Second Author), Methodologist / Discussion Writer (35%); Vali Shariatpanahi M (Third Author), Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (35%)
Funding: The authors report no funding for this study.
Keywords:
References
1. Adeola O, Evans O (2020). ICT, infrastructure, and tourism development in Africa. Tourism Economics. 26(1):97-114. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1354816619827712]
2. Adeola O, Boso N, Evans O (2017). Drivers of international tourism demand in Africa. Business Economics. 57(3):25-36. [Link] [DOI:10.1057/s11369-017-0051-3]
3. Blancas FJ, Lozano-Oyola M, Gonzalo M, Guerrero FM, Caballero R (2011). How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment. 412-413:28-45. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.066]
4. Ceballos-Lascuráin H (1996). Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas: The State of nature-based tourism around the world and guidelines for its development. Gland: International :union: for Conservation of Nature. [Link] [DOI:10.2305/IUCN.CH.1996.7.en]
5. Ehigiamusoe K U (2020). Tourism, growth and environment: analysis of non-linear and moderating effects. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 28(5):1-19. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2020.1729164]
6. Gigovic L, Pamucar D, Lukic D, Markovic S (2016). GIS-fuzzy dematel mcda model for the evaluation of the sites for ecotourism development: A case study of "Dunavski ključ" region, Serbia. Land Use Policy. 58:348-365. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.07.030]
7. Hashemi SS, Habibi M (2016). Ecotourism potential zoning of Sadeq Abad Bafaq region, Yazd province. Tourism and Development. 5(2):65-85. [Persian] [Link]
8. Hosseini SM, Paydar MM, Hajiaghaei-Keshteli M (2021). Recovery solutions for ecotourism centers during the Covid-19 pandemic: Utilizing fuzzy dematel and fuzzy vikor methods. Expert Systems with Applications. 185:115594. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115594]
9. Kamandari M, Chaharrahi M, Ghorbanpour H (2020). Ecotourism potentials in Kerman province a domain for tourism development. Geography and Human Relationships. 3(2):27-42. [Persian] [Link]
10. Khadaroo J, Seetanah B (2007). Transport infrastructure and tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research. 34(4):1021-1032. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.annals.2007.05.010]
11. Lamnadi Y (2017). Ecolodges as a community-based tourism development strategy: The case of Chaouen in Morocco. Revista Latino-Americana de Turismologia. 3(1):37-47. [Link] [DOI:10.34019/2448-198X.2017.v3.10032]
12. Mafi M, Stephen P, Trupp A (2020). Determining ecotourism satisfaction attributes-a case study of an ecolodge in Fiji. Journal of Ecotourism. 19(4):304-326. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/14724049.2019.1698585]
13. Mavedat E, Maleki S (2015). An analysis on the distribution and prioritization of tourism infrastructure in Yazd province using planning techniques. Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences. 14(34)47-68. [Persian] [Link]
14. Mervati Sharifabadi A (2016). Identification and ranking of factors affecting the development of Yazd tourism industry with fuzzy VIKOR approach. Tourism and Development. 5(1):129-147. [Persian] [Link]
15. Moons I, De Pelsmacker, Barbarossa C (2020). Do personality- and self-congruity matter for the willingness to pay more for ecotourism? An empirical study in Flanders, Belgium. Journal of Cleaner Production. 272:122866. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122866]
16. Nadeali N, Movahedi A (2012). Effects of tourism camping zones in Isfahan city. Geographical Journal of Tourism Space. 1(2):51-63. [Persian] [Link]
17. Nasrolahi Z, Jahanbazi N, Naseri T (2015). Province classification in terms of tourist attractions. Tourism Management Studies. 9(28):17-37. [Persian] [Link]
18. Naude' W A, Saayman A (2005). Determinants of tourist arrivals in Africa: A panel data regression analysis. Tourism Economics. 11(3):365-391. [Link] [DOI:10.5367/000000005774352962]
19. Omarzadeh D, Pourmoradian S, Feizizadeh B, Khallaghi H, Sharifi A, Khalil Valizadeh K (2021). A GIS-based multiple ecotourism sustainability assessment of West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 65(3):490-513. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/09640568.2021.1887827]
20. Phelan A, Ruhanen L, Mair J (2020). Ecosystem services approach for community-based ecotourism: Towards an equitable and sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 28(10):1665-1685. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2020.1747475]
21. Rostampisheh M, Nasir Salami S M R, Tizghalam Zenouzi S (2019). An evaluation and comparative analysis of physical structures in eco-tourism resorts (Case study: Telarkhaneh Bordbar and Deylmay Gasht: Guilan province). Journal of Physical Development Planning. 4(2):111-132. [Persian] [Link]
22. Sajadian N, Sajadian M (2011). Rural ecotourism capabilities in Mazandaran (Classification-preservation and development). Urban Management. 9(27):59-78. [Persian] [Link]
23. Sahani N (2021). Application of hybrid SWOT-AHP-fuzzy AHP model for formulation and prioritization of ecotourism strategies in western Himalaya, India. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks. 9(3):349-362. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.08.001]
24. Sanavi V, Mirabi VR, Kordlouie HR, Hasanpour E (2019). Identification and ranking of factors affecting the services marketing in the field of health tourism of Mashhad city using fuzzy topsis technique. Tourism Management Studies. 14(45):249-269. [Persian] [Linkvv]
25. Saraie MH, Shamshiri M (2013). Tourism situation study in the city of Shiraz towards sustainable development using the SWOT technique. Geography and Environmental Planning. 24(1):69-88. [Persian] [Link]
26. Sgroi F (2020). Forest resources and sustainable tourism, a combination for the resilience of the landscape and development of mountain areas. Science of the Total Environment. 736:139539. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139539]
27. Toivonen A (2022). Sustainability dimensions in space tourism: The case of Finland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 30(9):2223-2239. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2020.1783276]