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Volume 37, Issue 3 (2022)
GeoRes 2022, 37(3): 369-379 |
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Received: 2022/05/27 | Accepted: 2022/08/6 | Published: 2022/07/1
Received: 2022/05/27 | Accepted: 2022/08/6 | Published: 2022/07/1
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Bagheri S, Nasr T, Heydari A, Taghipour M. Investigating the Effect of the Continuity Quality in the Interior Spaces of the Bazaars on the Attendance Rate
(Case Study: Traditional Bazaars of Shiraz Metropolis). GeoRes 2022; 37 (3) :369-379
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1- Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
2- Department of Technical and Engineering, Yasuj University, Yasuj, Iran
2- Department of Technical and Engineering, Yasuj University, Yasuj, Iran
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Introduction
Public spaces constitute the fundamental building blocks of social life. The presence of people endows these spaces with identity and strengthens their character [Carmona et al., 2010]. Scholars associate spatial quality with the degree of “presence-ability,” arguing that individuals seldom enter a space unless they find it desirable and satisfactory [Roshandel et al., 2016]. Among the various dimensions of quality in public spaces, the juxtaposition of movement and stationary spaces within the spatial system is of particular importance. Although movement spaces offer limited opportunities for encounter, they must be accompanied by stationary spaces in order to remain socially active and perceptibly inhabited [Carmona et al., 2010]. This juxtaposition is conceptualized as continuity, an essential factor in enhancing spatial quality, increasing user acceptance, and promoting willingness to be present in public environments [Carmona et al., 2010; Lynch, 1981].
Regarding the quality of spatial continuity, numerous researchers have conducted studies from functional, physical, visual, and other perspectives [Golestani et al., 2018; Zarei & Yeganeh, 2018; Rismanchian & Bell, 2011; Kiani et al., 2015; Abedini et al., 2019]. Yeganeh et al. have examined the relationship between different dimensions of continuity (physical, activity-based, and symbolic) and its effect on the coherence of urban space quality. They have concluded that building and urban continuity criteria in public spaces vary according to the level and type of territorial behavior among citizens [Yeganeh et al., 2014]. Bonyani et al., in their work titled “Spatial Continuity in the Transition from Open to Enclosed Space,” have investigated the role of intermediate spaces in enhancing continuity [Bonyani et al., 2019]. Sadeghi et al., in their study on the impact of contemporary urban development plans on the spatial structure of the historic core of northern Isfahan, have highlighted that recent urban interventions, implemented without sufficient understanding of existing physical contexts, have resulted in fragmentation and isolation of historic spatial fabrics [Sadegghi et al., 2013].
The present study investigated the influence of spatial continuity quality on individuals’ willingness to be present in urban public spaces. Given the diversity of public spaces, the selected case study needed to accommodate various social groups and possess functional attributes that encourage diverse motivations for presence. Accordingly, among the different types of urban public spaces, the traditional bazaar complex in Shiraz was chosen as the case study.
According to Canter, creating a successful space requires consideration of its physical, functional, and semantic dimensions [Canter, 1997]. Functional factors include land-use diversity, indoor and outdoor activities, nighttime vibrancy, functional continuity, and quality of adjacencies. Physical factors encompass spatial organization, layout, spatial geography, orientation, integration, physical continuity, and addressability. Semantic factors involve symbolic features, memorability, psychological security, pleasantness, tranquility, and comfort [Heidari et al., 2019; Nasr, 2016; Mozafari Pour, 2014; Boniani et al., 2018; Golestani et al., 2018; Carmona et al., 2010; Noghrehkar et al., 2015]. Since the quality of spatial continuity is closely tied to physical characteristics, the physical and functional attributes of space play a crucial role in defining continuity.
Spatial continuity in interior environments implies that spatial elements create similar characteristics throughout the entire environment, such that any interruption marks the boundary of the space [Golestani et al., 2018]. This concept can be examined from two perspectives: Continuity among environmental components and continuity among spatial domains. In this study, continuity among components is conceptualized as formal continuity, while continuity among spatial domains is referred to as spatial integration.
Formal continuity is one of the core concepts of Gestalt perceptual theory. It emphasizes the human eye’s tendency to follow the extension of components within a visual structure composed of lines, planes, and objects. Similar components are more easily categorized cognitively and facilitate clearer spatial understanding for users [Appleyard, 1970]. Thus, the presence of shared elements in floors, walls, and ceilings manifests formal continuity. This continuation may appear in similarities in color, material, form, or other architectural elements [Kiani et al., 2015].
Spatial integration refers to the degree of interconnection among spatial units while maintaining their functional distinctions [Carmona et al., 2010]. Subspaces are perceived as integrated when multiple spatial relationships exist between them. In space syntax theory, integration is analyzed using indices such as integration and connectivity. Integration refers to the mean depth of a space in relation to others, spaces with higher integration exhibit stronger ties to the overall configuration and tend to attract higher user presence [Hillier et al., 1984; Penn, 2003]. Connectivity represents the number of direct links a space maintains with others and contributes to higher integration and greater spatial choice for users [Oswald, 2011; Didehban et al., 2013].
Functional continuity arises when spatial functions relate, integrate, or complement one another, reducing spatial fragmentation and fostering a sense of cohesion [Madani-Pour, 2014]. In this study, functional continuity is examined through convertibility and functional persistence. Spatial adaptability, the ability of a space to accommodate varying activities, is a hallmark of flexible public spaces [Kiaee et al., 2019]. Intermediate spaces are particularly effective in facilitating such transitions by enabling gradual spatial transformation, encouraging pausing, interaction, and orientation within the environment [Boniani et al., 2018; Golestani et al., 2018]. In bazaars, such intermediate areas serve as primary elements of continuity and spatial sequencing [Balilan et al., 2011], offering practical utility for merchants and meaningful resting and way-finding opportunities for visitors.
Bazaar corridors not only function as thoroughfares but also host diverse land uses and activities, influencing user behavior and spatial engagement. Greater functional diversity increases presence and sociability while enhancing economic vitality. However, functional compatibility is essential, as incompatible land uses create disturbances and reduce service quality. Thus, the degree of dependency, diversity, and compatibility among functions determines their continuity and contributes to overall functional cohesion [Pakzad, 2012].
Numerous studies on bazaars describe their historical, social, cultural, and economic dimensions, while others evaluate them from aesthetic, climatic, physical, functional, or experiential perspectives. Soltanzadeh [2016] discusses historical background, social attributes, physical characteristics, architectural features, and spatial components of Iranian bazaars. Hanachi and Yadollahi [2011] highlight the political and social roles of the Tabriz Historic Bazaar and its importance as cultural and economic heritage. Khutsishvili [2018] analyzes political, social, historical, and cultural roles of border-region bazaars in Georgia, emphasizing their significance as spaces for negotiation, exchange, communication, and social interaction. Bagheri et al. [2018] identify human-centered design, narrow corridors emphasizing longitudinal perception, and resting areas as critical components for alleviating fatigue during extended market visits. Sajadzadeh and Haqi [2017] underscore performance and accessibility as key priorities in improving the environmental quality of bazaars. Heydari and Kiaee [2020] demonstrate the role of both objective and subjective factors in spatial wayfinding using Gestalt theory and spatial layout. Rahaie et al. [2013] examine the impact of physical characteristics of Dezful Bazaar on airflow patterns and propose separate development strategies. Sarebangholi and Jodaie [2011] evaluate bazaar spaces from decorative and aesthetic perspectives.
Based on the reviewed literature, bazaars function both as origins and destinations of activities, given their economic, social, cultural, and political significance. Thus, presence-ability is a critical quality within these environments. The present study examines how the quality of spatial continuity within the interior spaces of bazaars influences visitors’ willingness to remain and engage within them.
Methodology
This descriptive–analytical research, employing a qualitative–quantitative approach, was conducted in 2021. The case study was the traditional bazaar complex of Shiraz. This complex is divided into three sections by two high-traffic streets, Zand and Lotfali Khan, with each section comprising several bazaars. The first section includes Vakil Bazaar (North) and Bazar-e Now, bounded to the north by Darvazeh-ye Esfahan, to the south by Zand Street, and to the east and west by residential neighborhoods. The second section comprises Ordubazaar, Mesgarha, Morgh, and Vakil bazaars, bounded to the north by Zand Street, to the south by Lotfali Khan Street, and to the east and west by residential fabric. The third section includes Haji and Shah-Cheragh bazaars, bounded to the north by Lotfali Khan Zand Street, to the south by the Shah-Cheragh Shrine, to the east by a residential neighborhood, and to the west by Zargari Bazaar and a residential area.
The dependent parameter was the degree of individuals’ willingness to be present in the space, and the independent parameter was the quality of spatial continuity within that space. The criteria of spatial continuity were extracted and analyzed from physical and functional perspectives. Based on the literature review, morphological continuity and spatial integration were examined as physical dimensions, while convertibility and functional continuity were considered as functional dimensions.
The research method combined quantitative and qualitative techniques. In the data-collection stage, observation and open-ended interviews were employed. The statistical sample consisted of 350 visitors to the bazaar, interviewed between 9:00 and 12:00 (peak visiting hours) over the course of one working week. Participants were asked about their willingness to be present in each bazaar corridor and the reasons for choosing specific routes. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Sampling was performed randomly while ensuring the inclusion of diverse demographic characteristics such as age and gender. During the interview process, the study framework, objectives, and participants’ informed consent were emphasized. Each interview lasted 15–20 minutes. With participants’ permission, interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed for analysis.
The main interview questions focused on willingness to be present in each bazaar, as well as visitors’ perceptions of physical and functional continuity within the corridors. The responses were then evaluated using concept coding. Concept coding and data analysis followed the grounded theory method [Lak, 2014]. Codes were categorized and repeatedly revised to identify key factors influencing minimum and maximum presence in the bazaar corridors from the visitors’ perspective.
Data analysis employed content analysis and space syntax using depthmapXnet-0.35. Additionally, a one-sample t-test was used to assess the relationships between the study parameters. If the mean score of any parameter was lower than the theoretical mean and significantly different from it (p<0.05), this indicated that the parameter did not have a considerable effect on the level of presence.
Findings
The level of presence in each of the bazaar corridors was assessed. In this study, “presence” refers to individuals’ willingness to use each bazaar corridor for various activities. The criterion used to measure presence was the degree of willingness to engage in optional activities, such as shopping or spending time in the space.
Based on the collected data, the highest level of presence occurred in Corridor 3 (95%), while the lowest occurred in Corridor 5 (30%). Since the study aimed to examine the role of architectural space in shaping this phenomenon, spatial continuity in each corridor was analyzed to identify potential relationships between these two concepts. Accordingly, the degree of spatial continuity in each corridor was evaluated using predefined indicators.
Spatial continuity was considered from two perspectives: physical continuity and functional continuity. Physical continuity in the interior space of the bazaar corridors was examined through two components: morphological continuity and spatial integration. In line with the literature, morphological continuity was evaluated by assessing users’ perceptions of the repetition of fixed and semi-fixed elements in the floor, walls, and ceiling of each corridor. This included the repetition of openings and arches, façade details, natural and artificial lighting elements, and the uniformity of materials and colors across surfaces. These components collectively formed the morphological continuity index.
According to user evaluations, Corridors 4 and 5 lacked morphological continuity, while Corridors 2 and 3 demonstrated the highest continuity in their physical elements. This was attributed to the absence of recurring physical features in Corridors 4 and 5 and the prominent use of repetitive elements in the floors, walls, and ceilings of Corridors 2 and 3. Findings also showed a significant relationship between presence and the morphological continuity parameter in Corridors 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7.
The degree of integration in each corridor was assessed through connectivity and global integration values. The highest average integration and connectivity values were recorded in Corridors 3 and 7, while the lowest were found in Corridors 5 and 1. Greater corridor width, more linear geometry, and a higher number of intersections with secondary corridors contributed to the elevated integration values of Corridors 3 and 7. In contrast, the narrow and winding geometry of Corridor 5 and the lack of intersections in Corridor 1 reduced their integration levels. These findings indicate that Corridors 3 and 7 possess the highest spatial integration, while Corridors 5 and 1 exhibit the lowest within the traditional Shiraz bazaar.
Functional continuity was evaluated through two indicators: continuity of land uses along each corridor and the capacity for functional convertibility within interior spaces. Continuity of land uses was assessed based on compatibility, interdependence, and diversity of uses, derived from direct observation and detailed mapping of activities along the corridors. Corridors 3 and 2 demonstrated the highest levels of compatibility, interdependence, and diversity, while Corridor 5 showed the lowest. Thus, Corridors 2 and 3 were identified as having the strongest functional continuity, and Corridor 5 the weakest.
The results also showed significant relationships between presence and functional compatibility in all corridors except 4 and 7, between presence and diversity in Corridors 1, 2, 3, and 5, and between presence and interdependence in all corridors except 4, 6, and 7.
Intermediate spaces within the bazaar play a crucial role in supporting functional convertibility and, consequently, functional continuity. Since these spaces serve different needs for shop owners and pedestrians, their perceived versatility was assessed separately. The highest levels of convertibility were reported in Corridors 3 and 2, and the lowest in Corridor 5. Intermediate spaces were generally viewed as more functionally significant by shop owners than by pedestrians. Therefore, Corridors 3 and 2 exhibited the greatest functional convertibility, while Corridor 5 showed the least. The presence–convertibility relationship was significant for all corridors except 4 and 6.
Finally, the spatial continuity of Corridors 2 and 3, identified as entries with the highest presence, and Corridor 5, identified as the entry with the lowest presence, was examined and compared through field observation.
Discussion
This study examined the effect of spatial continuity quality on the degree of presence within the traditional bazaar of Shiraz. Field observations and visitor assessments indicate that the statistically significant relationships found between presence and the parameters of physical and functional continuity were associated with those bazaar corridors that possessed diverse and population-attracting characteristics. In contrast, in the corridors where a lack of physical and functional continuity was observed, lower levels of presence were reported, and statistical tests confirmed the absence of significant relationships in such cases.
Among the indicators related to the independent parameter, Vakil Bazaar South (Corridor 3) achieved the highest values across four indicators, and Vakil Bazaar North (Corridor 2) achieved the highest values for three indicators. Conversely, Ordubazaar (Corridor 5) showed the lowest values across four indicators. Accordingly, Vakil South and Vakil North exhibited the highest levels of spatial continuity, while Ordubazaar showed the lowest continuity among the corridors of the Shiraz traditional bazaar. Similarly, regarding the dependent parameter, willingness to be present in the bazaar interior, the highest values were found in the northern and southern Vakil corridors, while the lowest were observed in Ordubazaar. In other words, in the corridors where spatial continuity, both physical and functional, was more evident (Corridors 3 and 2), the desire to use those corridors increased, whereas reduced spatial continuity (Corridor 5) led to reduced willingness among visitors to use that corridor. The T-test results corroborated the relationship between spatial continuity and willingness to be present in the bazaar. Although some corridors did not show significant relationships for certain parameters, the overall association between presence and functional continuity was confirmed. The key finding of this research is thus the verification of the relationship between spatial continuity and visitors’ willingness to be present in the bazaar: as physical and functional continuity increase, so does the desire of individuals to use that corridor.
Physical continuity in each bazaar corridor can be assessed through “formal continuity within the corridor” and “the degree of spatial integration.” When stable physical characteristics such as color, material, ceiling type, rhythm, storefront openings, and flooring are consistently present along the route, unity and coherence are enhanced. This continuity encourages movement and sustained circulation along the corridor, ultimately increasing presence. Moreover, greater spatial openness, lower depth, wider passages, and more intersections between primary and secondary corridors enhance spatial integration and contribute to a more coherent and continuous environment, factors that commonly correlate with higher levels of crowding in traditional bazaars. In this regard, Aram et al. (2018) emphasize the positive impact of physical qualities on visitor presence and social interaction, while Golchin and Mafakheri (2017) and Samadi et al. (2019) highlight the importance of improving physical continuity in urban bazaars. Increased presence, in turn, improves urban environmental quality and contributes to vibrancy (Dadgar & Ghasri, 2022).
Functional continuity in the bazaar is achieved through “the continuity of land uses within the corridor” and “convertibility between interior spaces.” The presence of similar or compatible commercial activities along a corridor is a key factor in establishing functional continuity. Greater compatibility and interdependence between the activities of commercial units strengthens internal connections, satisfying a wider range of visitor needs and encouraging them to spend more time in the bazaar. Additionally, “intermediate spaces” and their potential for diverse use play an important role in facilitating convertibility. The greater the usability of these spaces for both shopkeepers and visitors, the stronger the interaction and the more cohesive the spatial relationships become, enhancing presence along the corridor.
Consistent with these findings, Heidari and Kiaee (2020) have identified accessibility, spatial continuity, and adjacency quality as major determinants of presence in bazaars. Key factors include the visibility of entrances, compatibility and interdependence of land uses along entrance corridors, the density and diversity of activities, and the geometric and spatial characteristics of entrances. Najari Nabi and Mahdinezhad (2020) similarly emphasize the importance of improving functional and physical dimensions of bazaars to enhance sociability. Their recommendations include promoting cultural and religious events, creating open spaces with diverse amenities, enabling round-the-clock use, introducing service-recreational facilities, deconcentrating activities from single corridors, utilizing the historical-physical potential of bazaars, and engaging governmental and academic institutions to support cultural education and establish production workshops and diverse commercial offerings.
Conclusion
The components of physical and functional continuity are among the most influential factors in enhancing presence within the bazaar. In this regard, significant relationships were identified between presence and the key criteria examined in the study, namely spatial integration, morphological continuity, functional convertibility, and continuity of land uses. Thus, improving the quality of both physical and functional continuity increases the level of sociability as well as the duration of visitors’ presence in the bazaar. In turn, this contributes to greater vibrancy and an overall enhancement of urban environmental quality.
Acknowledgments: Not applicable.
Ethical Approval: The authors adhered to all scientific ethical principles, including integrity, confidentiality, and honesty.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the doctoral dissertation of Seyyedeh Maryam Bagheri, titled “Formulating Physical–Functional Strategies for Public Spaces with an Emphasis on the Concept of Presence Potential (Case Study: Bazaar Corridors of Shiraz City)”, supervised by Dr. Tahereh Nasr and advised by Dr. Ali Akbar Heidari and Dr. Maliheh Taghipour, currently underway at the Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch.
Authors’ Contributions: Bagheri SM (First Author), Introduction writer/Methodologist/Principal Researcher/Statistical Analyst/Discussion Writer (25%); Nasr T (Second Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (25%); Heidari AA (Third Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (25%); Taghipour M (Fourth Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (25%)
Funding: Not applicable.
Public spaces constitute the fundamental building blocks of social life. The presence of people endows these spaces with identity and strengthens their character [Carmona et al., 2010]. Scholars associate spatial quality with the degree of “presence-ability,” arguing that individuals seldom enter a space unless they find it desirable and satisfactory [Roshandel et al., 2016]. Among the various dimensions of quality in public spaces, the juxtaposition of movement and stationary spaces within the spatial system is of particular importance. Although movement spaces offer limited opportunities for encounter, they must be accompanied by stationary spaces in order to remain socially active and perceptibly inhabited [Carmona et al., 2010]. This juxtaposition is conceptualized as continuity, an essential factor in enhancing spatial quality, increasing user acceptance, and promoting willingness to be present in public environments [Carmona et al., 2010; Lynch, 1981].
Regarding the quality of spatial continuity, numerous researchers have conducted studies from functional, physical, visual, and other perspectives [Golestani et al., 2018; Zarei & Yeganeh, 2018; Rismanchian & Bell, 2011; Kiani et al., 2015; Abedini et al., 2019]. Yeganeh et al. have examined the relationship between different dimensions of continuity (physical, activity-based, and symbolic) and its effect on the coherence of urban space quality. They have concluded that building and urban continuity criteria in public spaces vary according to the level and type of territorial behavior among citizens [Yeganeh et al., 2014]. Bonyani et al., in their work titled “Spatial Continuity in the Transition from Open to Enclosed Space,” have investigated the role of intermediate spaces in enhancing continuity [Bonyani et al., 2019]. Sadeghi et al., in their study on the impact of contemporary urban development plans on the spatial structure of the historic core of northern Isfahan, have highlighted that recent urban interventions, implemented without sufficient understanding of existing physical contexts, have resulted in fragmentation and isolation of historic spatial fabrics [Sadegghi et al., 2013].
The present study investigated the influence of spatial continuity quality on individuals’ willingness to be present in urban public spaces. Given the diversity of public spaces, the selected case study needed to accommodate various social groups and possess functional attributes that encourage diverse motivations for presence. Accordingly, among the different types of urban public spaces, the traditional bazaar complex in Shiraz was chosen as the case study.
According to Canter, creating a successful space requires consideration of its physical, functional, and semantic dimensions [Canter, 1997]. Functional factors include land-use diversity, indoor and outdoor activities, nighttime vibrancy, functional continuity, and quality of adjacencies. Physical factors encompass spatial organization, layout, spatial geography, orientation, integration, physical continuity, and addressability. Semantic factors involve symbolic features, memorability, psychological security, pleasantness, tranquility, and comfort [Heidari et al., 2019; Nasr, 2016; Mozafari Pour, 2014; Boniani et al., 2018; Golestani et al., 2018; Carmona et al., 2010; Noghrehkar et al., 2015]. Since the quality of spatial continuity is closely tied to physical characteristics, the physical and functional attributes of space play a crucial role in defining continuity.
Spatial continuity in interior environments implies that spatial elements create similar characteristics throughout the entire environment, such that any interruption marks the boundary of the space [Golestani et al., 2018]. This concept can be examined from two perspectives: Continuity among environmental components and continuity among spatial domains. In this study, continuity among components is conceptualized as formal continuity, while continuity among spatial domains is referred to as spatial integration.
Formal continuity is one of the core concepts of Gestalt perceptual theory. It emphasizes the human eye’s tendency to follow the extension of components within a visual structure composed of lines, planes, and objects. Similar components are more easily categorized cognitively and facilitate clearer spatial understanding for users [Appleyard, 1970]. Thus, the presence of shared elements in floors, walls, and ceilings manifests formal continuity. This continuation may appear in similarities in color, material, form, or other architectural elements [Kiani et al., 2015].
Spatial integration refers to the degree of interconnection among spatial units while maintaining their functional distinctions [Carmona et al., 2010]. Subspaces are perceived as integrated when multiple spatial relationships exist between them. In space syntax theory, integration is analyzed using indices such as integration and connectivity. Integration refers to the mean depth of a space in relation to others, spaces with higher integration exhibit stronger ties to the overall configuration and tend to attract higher user presence [Hillier et al., 1984; Penn, 2003]. Connectivity represents the number of direct links a space maintains with others and contributes to higher integration and greater spatial choice for users [Oswald, 2011; Didehban et al., 2013].
Functional continuity arises when spatial functions relate, integrate, or complement one another, reducing spatial fragmentation and fostering a sense of cohesion [Madani-Pour, 2014]. In this study, functional continuity is examined through convertibility and functional persistence. Spatial adaptability, the ability of a space to accommodate varying activities, is a hallmark of flexible public spaces [Kiaee et al., 2019]. Intermediate spaces are particularly effective in facilitating such transitions by enabling gradual spatial transformation, encouraging pausing, interaction, and orientation within the environment [Boniani et al., 2018; Golestani et al., 2018]. In bazaars, such intermediate areas serve as primary elements of continuity and spatial sequencing [Balilan et al., 2011], offering practical utility for merchants and meaningful resting and way-finding opportunities for visitors.
Bazaar corridors not only function as thoroughfares but also host diverse land uses and activities, influencing user behavior and spatial engagement. Greater functional diversity increases presence and sociability while enhancing economic vitality. However, functional compatibility is essential, as incompatible land uses create disturbances and reduce service quality. Thus, the degree of dependency, diversity, and compatibility among functions determines their continuity and contributes to overall functional cohesion [Pakzad, 2012].
Numerous studies on bazaars describe their historical, social, cultural, and economic dimensions, while others evaluate them from aesthetic, climatic, physical, functional, or experiential perspectives. Soltanzadeh [2016] discusses historical background, social attributes, physical characteristics, architectural features, and spatial components of Iranian bazaars. Hanachi and Yadollahi [2011] highlight the political and social roles of the Tabriz Historic Bazaar and its importance as cultural and economic heritage. Khutsishvili [2018] analyzes political, social, historical, and cultural roles of border-region bazaars in Georgia, emphasizing their significance as spaces for negotiation, exchange, communication, and social interaction. Bagheri et al. [2018] identify human-centered design, narrow corridors emphasizing longitudinal perception, and resting areas as critical components for alleviating fatigue during extended market visits. Sajadzadeh and Haqi [2017] underscore performance and accessibility as key priorities in improving the environmental quality of bazaars. Heydari and Kiaee [2020] demonstrate the role of both objective and subjective factors in spatial wayfinding using Gestalt theory and spatial layout. Rahaie et al. [2013] examine the impact of physical characteristics of Dezful Bazaar on airflow patterns and propose separate development strategies. Sarebangholi and Jodaie [2011] evaluate bazaar spaces from decorative and aesthetic perspectives.
Based on the reviewed literature, bazaars function both as origins and destinations of activities, given their economic, social, cultural, and political significance. Thus, presence-ability is a critical quality within these environments. The present study examines how the quality of spatial continuity within the interior spaces of bazaars influences visitors’ willingness to remain and engage within them.
Methodology
This descriptive–analytical research, employing a qualitative–quantitative approach, was conducted in 2021. The case study was the traditional bazaar complex of Shiraz. This complex is divided into three sections by two high-traffic streets, Zand and Lotfali Khan, with each section comprising several bazaars. The first section includes Vakil Bazaar (North) and Bazar-e Now, bounded to the north by Darvazeh-ye Esfahan, to the south by Zand Street, and to the east and west by residential neighborhoods. The second section comprises Ordubazaar, Mesgarha, Morgh, and Vakil bazaars, bounded to the north by Zand Street, to the south by Lotfali Khan Street, and to the east and west by residential fabric. The third section includes Haji and Shah-Cheragh bazaars, bounded to the north by Lotfali Khan Zand Street, to the south by the Shah-Cheragh Shrine, to the east by a residential neighborhood, and to the west by Zargari Bazaar and a residential area.
The dependent parameter was the degree of individuals’ willingness to be present in the space, and the independent parameter was the quality of spatial continuity within that space. The criteria of spatial continuity were extracted and analyzed from physical and functional perspectives. Based on the literature review, morphological continuity and spatial integration were examined as physical dimensions, while convertibility and functional continuity were considered as functional dimensions.
The research method combined quantitative and qualitative techniques. In the data-collection stage, observation and open-ended interviews were employed. The statistical sample consisted of 350 visitors to the bazaar, interviewed between 9:00 and 12:00 (peak visiting hours) over the course of one working week. Participants were asked about their willingness to be present in each bazaar corridor and the reasons for choosing specific routes. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Sampling was performed randomly while ensuring the inclusion of diverse demographic characteristics such as age and gender. During the interview process, the study framework, objectives, and participants’ informed consent were emphasized. Each interview lasted 15–20 minutes. With participants’ permission, interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed for analysis.
The main interview questions focused on willingness to be present in each bazaar, as well as visitors’ perceptions of physical and functional continuity within the corridors. The responses were then evaluated using concept coding. Concept coding and data analysis followed the grounded theory method [Lak, 2014]. Codes were categorized and repeatedly revised to identify key factors influencing minimum and maximum presence in the bazaar corridors from the visitors’ perspective.
Data analysis employed content analysis and space syntax using depthmapXnet-0.35. Additionally, a one-sample t-test was used to assess the relationships between the study parameters. If the mean score of any parameter was lower than the theoretical mean and significantly different from it (p<0.05), this indicated that the parameter did not have a considerable effect on the level of presence.
Findings
The level of presence in each of the bazaar corridors was assessed. In this study, “presence” refers to individuals’ willingness to use each bazaar corridor for various activities. The criterion used to measure presence was the degree of willingness to engage in optional activities, such as shopping or spending time in the space.
Based on the collected data, the highest level of presence occurred in Corridor 3 (95%), while the lowest occurred in Corridor 5 (30%). Since the study aimed to examine the role of architectural space in shaping this phenomenon, spatial continuity in each corridor was analyzed to identify potential relationships between these two concepts. Accordingly, the degree of spatial continuity in each corridor was evaluated using predefined indicators.
Spatial continuity was considered from two perspectives: physical continuity and functional continuity. Physical continuity in the interior space of the bazaar corridors was examined through two components: morphological continuity and spatial integration. In line with the literature, morphological continuity was evaluated by assessing users’ perceptions of the repetition of fixed and semi-fixed elements in the floor, walls, and ceiling of each corridor. This included the repetition of openings and arches, façade details, natural and artificial lighting elements, and the uniformity of materials and colors across surfaces. These components collectively formed the morphological continuity index.
According to user evaluations, Corridors 4 and 5 lacked morphological continuity, while Corridors 2 and 3 demonstrated the highest continuity in their physical elements. This was attributed to the absence of recurring physical features in Corridors 4 and 5 and the prominent use of repetitive elements in the floors, walls, and ceilings of Corridors 2 and 3. Findings also showed a significant relationship between presence and the morphological continuity parameter in Corridors 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7.
The degree of integration in each corridor was assessed through connectivity and global integration values. The highest average integration and connectivity values were recorded in Corridors 3 and 7, while the lowest were found in Corridors 5 and 1. Greater corridor width, more linear geometry, and a higher number of intersections with secondary corridors contributed to the elevated integration values of Corridors 3 and 7. In contrast, the narrow and winding geometry of Corridor 5 and the lack of intersections in Corridor 1 reduced their integration levels. These findings indicate that Corridors 3 and 7 possess the highest spatial integration, while Corridors 5 and 1 exhibit the lowest within the traditional Shiraz bazaar.
Functional continuity was evaluated through two indicators: continuity of land uses along each corridor and the capacity for functional convertibility within interior spaces. Continuity of land uses was assessed based on compatibility, interdependence, and diversity of uses, derived from direct observation and detailed mapping of activities along the corridors. Corridors 3 and 2 demonstrated the highest levels of compatibility, interdependence, and diversity, while Corridor 5 showed the lowest. Thus, Corridors 2 and 3 were identified as having the strongest functional continuity, and Corridor 5 the weakest.
The results also showed significant relationships between presence and functional compatibility in all corridors except 4 and 7, between presence and diversity in Corridors 1, 2, 3, and 5, and between presence and interdependence in all corridors except 4, 6, and 7.
Intermediate spaces within the bazaar play a crucial role in supporting functional convertibility and, consequently, functional continuity. Since these spaces serve different needs for shop owners and pedestrians, their perceived versatility was assessed separately. The highest levels of convertibility were reported in Corridors 3 and 2, and the lowest in Corridor 5. Intermediate spaces were generally viewed as more functionally significant by shop owners than by pedestrians. Therefore, Corridors 3 and 2 exhibited the greatest functional convertibility, while Corridor 5 showed the least. The presence–convertibility relationship was significant for all corridors except 4 and 6.
Finally, the spatial continuity of Corridors 2 and 3, identified as entries with the highest presence, and Corridor 5, identified as the entry with the lowest presence, was examined and compared through field observation.
Discussion
This study examined the effect of spatial continuity quality on the degree of presence within the traditional bazaar of Shiraz. Field observations and visitor assessments indicate that the statistically significant relationships found between presence and the parameters of physical and functional continuity were associated with those bazaar corridors that possessed diverse and population-attracting characteristics. In contrast, in the corridors where a lack of physical and functional continuity was observed, lower levels of presence were reported, and statistical tests confirmed the absence of significant relationships in such cases.
Among the indicators related to the independent parameter, Vakil Bazaar South (Corridor 3) achieved the highest values across four indicators, and Vakil Bazaar North (Corridor 2) achieved the highest values for three indicators. Conversely, Ordubazaar (Corridor 5) showed the lowest values across four indicators. Accordingly, Vakil South and Vakil North exhibited the highest levels of spatial continuity, while Ordubazaar showed the lowest continuity among the corridors of the Shiraz traditional bazaar. Similarly, regarding the dependent parameter, willingness to be present in the bazaar interior, the highest values were found in the northern and southern Vakil corridors, while the lowest were observed in Ordubazaar. In other words, in the corridors where spatial continuity, both physical and functional, was more evident (Corridors 3 and 2), the desire to use those corridors increased, whereas reduced spatial continuity (Corridor 5) led to reduced willingness among visitors to use that corridor. The T-test results corroborated the relationship between spatial continuity and willingness to be present in the bazaar. Although some corridors did not show significant relationships for certain parameters, the overall association between presence and functional continuity was confirmed. The key finding of this research is thus the verification of the relationship between spatial continuity and visitors’ willingness to be present in the bazaar: as physical and functional continuity increase, so does the desire of individuals to use that corridor.
Physical continuity in each bazaar corridor can be assessed through “formal continuity within the corridor” and “the degree of spatial integration.” When stable physical characteristics such as color, material, ceiling type, rhythm, storefront openings, and flooring are consistently present along the route, unity and coherence are enhanced. This continuity encourages movement and sustained circulation along the corridor, ultimately increasing presence. Moreover, greater spatial openness, lower depth, wider passages, and more intersections between primary and secondary corridors enhance spatial integration and contribute to a more coherent and continuous environment, factors that commonly correlate with higher levels of crowding in traditional bazaars. In this regard, Aram et al. (2018) emphasize the positive impact of physical qualities on visitor presence and social interaction, while Golchin and Mafakheri (2017) and Samadi et al. (2019) highlight the importance of improving physical continuity in urban bazaars. Increased presence, in turn, improves urban environmental quality and contributes to vibrancy (Dadgar & Ghasri, 2022).
Functional continuity in the bazaar is achieved through “the continuity of land uses within the corridor” and “convertibility between interior spaces.” The presence of similar or compatible commercial activities along a corridor is a key factor in establishing functional continuity. Greater compatibility and interdependence between the activities of commercial units strengthens internal connections, satisfying a wider range of visitor needs and encouraging them to spend more time in the bazaar. Additionally, “intermediate spaces” and their potential for diverse use play an important role in facilitating convertibility. The greater the usability of these spaces for both shopkeepers and visitors, the stronger the interaction and the more cohesive the spatial relationships become, enhancing presence along the corridor.
Consistent with these findings, Heidari and Kiaee (2020) have identified accessibility, spatial continuity, and adjacency quality as major determinants of presence in bazaars. Key factors include the visibility of entrances, compatibility and interdependence of land uses along entrance corridors, the density and diversity of activities, and the geometric and spatial characteristics of entrances. Najari Nabi and Mahdinezhad (2020) similarly emphasize the importance of improving functional and physical dimensions of bazaars to enhance sociability. Their recommendations include promoting cultural and religious events, creating open spaces with diverse amenities, enabling round-the-clock use, introducing service-recreational facilities, deconcentrating activities from single corridors, utilizing the historical-physical potential of bazaars, and engaging governmental and academic institutions to support cultural education and establish production workshops and diverse commercial offerings.
Conclusion
The components of physical and functional continuity are among the most influential factors in enhancing presence within the bazaar. In this regard, significant relationships were identified between presence and the key criteria examined in the study, namely spatial integration, morphological continuity, functional convertibility, and continuity of land uses. Thus, improving the quality of both physical and functional continuity increases the level of sociability as well as the duration of visitors’ presence in the bazaar. In turn, this contributes to greater vibrancy and an overall enhancement of urban environmental quality.
Acknowledgments: Not applicable.
Ethical Approval: The authors adhered to all scientific ethical principles, including integrity, confidentiality, and honesty.
Conflict of Interest: This article is derived from the doctoral dissertation of Seyyedeh Maryam Bagheri, titled “Formulating Physical–Functional Strategies for Public Spaces with an Emphasis on the Concept of Presence Potential (Case Study: Bazaar Corridors of Shiraz City)”, supervised by Dr. Tahereh Nasr and advised by Dr. Ali Akbar Heidari and Dr. Maliheh Taghipour, currently underway at the Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch.
Authors’ Contributions: Bagheri SM (First Author), Introduction writer/Methodologist/Principal Researcher/Statistical Analyst/Discussion Writer (25%); Nasr T (Second Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (25%); Heidari AA (Third Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (25%); Taghipour M (Fourth Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (25%)
Funding: Not applicable.
Keywords:
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